Free Essays on Humanities

At the point when I originally pursued Humanities I was under the impression it was for the most part like ENC1101. In any case, when I understood what the course is about than it was by all accounts progressively like a history class blended in with human expressions and writing. It truly is an understanding to antiquated societies and social orders, and how they saw their reality at that point. At that point the following inquiry that emerged was what some portion of history would we find out about? It ended up being the historical backdrop of when civic establishments were first begun in the West. I saw that as entirely intriguing so I experienced the prospectus to discover precisely what points would snare my consideration. The principal bunch that I saw was the Egyptians. They have consistently interested individuals with their incredible design of pyramids and burial chambers. Their innovation and insight more likely than not been far over different people groups of the time. They made devices that would prompt advances in the new terrains. The force that Egypt had by then in history was astounding. It is incredible to know how they fell as a force. The following theme I needed to find out about Page 2 more was the Hebrews. I am Christian and Jews have consistently contended Christ being a human. Along these lines, I need to know precisely why they feel that way. It would give me a superior comprehension of another enormous religion and illuminate me profoundly. The following parts appear as though they will talk about the incomparable Greek development. In my old neighborhood there is a gathering of Greeks that had solid Greek culture. I generally was interested why they were so into it even in the 21st century. I additionally realize that they had numerous fights for control of European zones. Something else that I was consistently a devotee of was Greek Mythology. In secondary school we concentrates a tad bit of it and it had the option to make me need to get familiar with it. In this way, that is another motivation behind why I might want to look further into that segment. I discovered my preferred gathering of history next. Since I am Italian I have a lo... Free Essays on Humanities Free Essays on Humanities At the point when I previously pursued Humanities I was under the impression it was for the most part like ENC1101. Be that as it may, when I understood what the course is about than it was by all accounts progressively like a history class blended in with expressions of the human experience and writing. It truly is a knowledge to old societies and social orders, and how they saw their reality at that point. At that point the following inquiry that emerged was what some portion of history would we find out about? It ended up being the historical backdrop of when civic establishments were first begun in the West. I saw that as truly fascinating so I experienced the prospectus to discover precisely what themes would snare my consideration. The primary gathering that I saw was the Egyptians. They have consistently fascinated individuals with their extraordinary design of pyramids and burial chambers. Their innovation and acumen more likely than not been far over different people groups of the time. They made devices that would prompt advances in the new grounds. The force that Egypt had by then in history was astounding. It is incredible to know how they fell as a force. The following theme I needed to find out about Page 2 more was the Hebrews. I am Christian and Jews have consistently contended Christ being a human. In this way, I need to know precisely why they feel that way. It would give me a superior comprehension of another enormous religion and edify me profoundly. The following parts seem as though they will examine the incomparable Greek human advancement. In my old neighborhood there is a gathering of Greeks that had solid Greek culture. I generally was interested why they were so into it even in the 21st century. I likewise realize that they had numerous fights for control of European regions. Something else that I was consistently a fanatic of was Greek Mythology. In secondary school we concentrates a tad bit of it and it had the option to make me need to get familiar with it. In this way, that is another motivation behind why I might want to look further into that area. I discovered my preferred gathering of history next. Since I am Italian I have a lo...

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 41

English - Essay Example Youthful administrators are defenseless against settle on wrong choices on the off chance that they don't work with instructed and prepared to-learn representatives. As they are taught and with receptive outlooks, first year recruits representatives at the working environment are most effortless to work with. They have inventive personalities affected by scholastic experience they have in regards to the use of rationale and appropriate administration of assets. Tasks chiefs don't recruit workforce inside the professional workplace. Notwithstanding, they need to work with the workforce recruited and appointed to them by the human asset office. For representatives with advanced education, the way toward choosing the most reasonable alternative gets confounded as ownership of information in various regions permits every worker equivalent odds of proceeding in the same class as the other. For this situation, activities supervisors managing representatives with advanced education experience create dependable tasks groups. As much as advanced education gives chances to the understudy to landing admirably paying position, it likewise entangles the operations’ manager’s capacity to decide. With similarly qualified representatives or planned workforce, it is the manager’s bad dream in dynamic particularly in advancement proposals. In any case, the impact of advanced education to the representatives is that any given suggestion for advancement is probably going to be a shrewd choice paying little mind to the way that better alternatives can be at removal. In all enterprises, tech or something else, tasks the executives is probably going to be regarded wasteful on the off chance that it can't fulfill time constraints on ventures and different obligations. One significant issue related with the test of not complying with time constraints is managing non-agreeable workers. It isn't the obligation of current supervisor to micromanage (oversee the least of exercises per singular worker) representatives or to chase after each helping them to remember their obligations. Utilizing workers with advanced education experience makes it feasible for the

The Damage Nitpicking Causes in Your Marriage

The Damage Nitpicking Causes in Your Marriage Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print How Nitpicking Your Spouse Can Damage Your Marriage Why continually finding fault may lead to divorce By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 anzeletti / Vetta / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse When you live in the intimacy of marriage, personality flaws or bad habits of your spouse can get revealedâ€"often much to your annoyance. Its something couples have to deal with when they enter a relationship or get married and it can lead to nitpicking. Though this kind of fussy fault-finding usually involves petty, inconsequential issues or tasks, if done on a regular basis, the ramifications to your union can be seriousâ€"ultimately tearing away at the bond in your relationship. The Negative Effects of Nitpicking A relationship like a marriage brings together two people who most likely have different habits and personalities. It can be easy to pick apart aspects of your partner that you dislike or dont agree with. However, this type of criticism does nothing to help the foundation of your relationship. When you point out what one another has or hasnt done or how your spouse said or did something wrong, you may be belittling, embarrassing, and demeaning your partner. Youre also saying that you want the other person to change and that they arent good enough.  Essentially, nitpicking is a sign that you dont fully respect your mate. Even if this isnt your intention, it can be received this way. Though it can start small, especially at first, it can be a  red flag in your marriage. If you continue to nitpick at your spouse, a growing resentment can create a wall between the two of you. Learn to Live With It John Gottman,  Ph.D., founder of an organization that bases relationship advice on research, notes in his book The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work that 69% of relationship problems consists of unsolvable issues.?? These include the little things about your partner that rub you the wrong way and lead to nitpicking. All long-term relationships have issues that involve personality traits or temperamental qualities and can cause perpetual conflict. These unsolvable problems are things you  simply need to learn to live with. Sure, people can make changes and marriage is about adapting to a life together; thats a natural part of it. However, if the little things cause conflict, how can the two of you handle real conflict or the serious issues that will arise? Being overly critical or laying blame on the small stuff can lead to bigger issues and even divorce. Instead of Nitpicking Rather than nitpick your spouse, there are a number of other things you can do. Many of these are seemingly small, but the impact on your relationship can be great. Youll both be happier in the long run if you learn to deal with each others quirks without quarreling. First and foremost, the most important thing you can do is be nice. When you feel like picking out a flaw, turn your own thinking around to simply be kind and show respect. A compliment can be far more helpful. You can also do your best to be supportive of your spouse. Take the time to  listen  about your partners day, feelings, hobby, or whatever they want to talk about. Its another way that you can continue to get to know one another better or try to see your spouses perspective on the issue. Ask yourself if you are expecting perfection. If so, no one will be able to meet your expectations and youll always be disappointed. Its also important to accept that your spouse will have some habits that annoy you. Learn to pick your battles and save your arguments for the big issues (while  fighting fair). No one will promise you that marriage is conflict-free. Its how you handle the conflictsâ€"large and smallâ€"that makes the difference. Before you decide to nitpick, focus on your internal feelings. What is it that you really need? Attention? To be heard, seen, or hugged? Theres a good chance the nitpicking is just a poor attempt to get some other important need met. Finally, if you cant stop nitpicking, acknowledge this as a problem and get help for it. If Youre Being Nitpicked If your spouse nitpicks at you, puts you down, or demeans you, its important that you talk about this issue. It may be a difficult discussion, but its necessary. Describe the hurt and pain you feel from this behavior.  Let your spouse know that when you think youre being nitpicked, you wont overreact but you will say enough and leave the room. Hopefully, after youve done this a few times, your spouse will start to notice their nitpicking behavior. If the nitpicking continues, marriage counseling  may be the best option. When Nitpicking Crosses the Line In some marriages, the level of nitpicking may accelerate into blaming, severe criticism, and hurtful remarks. Its important that you realize when nitpicking crosses the line into abuse.?? Whether its physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, or emotional abuse, abusive behavior is never acceptable. If you think youre being abused, please seek professional help immediately. The National Domestic Violence Hotline  is available at  1-800-799-SAFE (7233). How to Recognize Verbal Abuse and Bullying

Similarities Between Creon and Antigone - 1735 Words

Similarities between Creon and Antigone In Sophocles play Antigone, Creon was engaged in a conflict with Oedipus daughter Antigone. Creon and Antigone did not see eye-to-eye the entire play due to extreme differences. Creon and Antigone had many similarities despite their enormous discrepancies. Having as many differences as they did, it made them uniquely similar in numerous ways. The similarities that Antigone and Creon shared were independence, loyalty toward their views, cruelty and arrogance (The Similarities). The connection shared by Antigone and Creon showed that as hard as Sophocles tried to make them diverse, he made them unintentionally equivalent at the same time. What does it mean to be independent? According to†¦show more content†¦Creon thought that his laws were more important than any others, including the gods (The Similarities). Creon stood by his laws for as long as possible until he was proven wrong and had to attempt to fix all of his hideous mistakes. Antigones loyalty to her beliefs ultima tely caused her own death. Antigone believed that her brother was treated unjustly by not receiving a proper burial; therefore, she was loyal to her beliefs that no matter what Polynices did, he should be honored with a burial. In the beginning of the play Ismene attempted plead with her not to disobey Creons laws, but Antigones beliefs got the best of her. Ismene declared, What? Youd bury him-/ when a law forbids the city? (54-55). As hard as Ismene tried to persuade Antigone not to bury Polynices, Antigone believed that she was doing the correct thing, and her loyalty to her beliefs overpowered every emotion that was present. In the end, Antigone was willing to risk her life to stand up for what she really believed. Her loyalty to her beliefs was amazing and unheard of for the time period, as women usually did not challenge men. Another similarity that both Creon and Antigone share is their cruelty directed against others. Creon was cruel toward everyone with whom he came in conta ct. For example, Creon when speaking to his son Haemon exclaimed, Dont flatter me with Father-you womans slave! (848) Creon did not care he was talking to his own son in thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Similarities between Creon and ANtigone1687 Words   |  7 Pages Similarities between Creon and Antigone nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Sophocles’ play Antigone, Creon was engaged in a conflict with Oedipus’ daughter Antigone. Creon and Antigone did not see eye-to-eye the entire play due to extreme differences. Creon and Antigone had many similarities despite their enormous discrepancies. Having as many differences as they did, it made them uniquely similar in numerous ways. The similarities that Antigone and Creon shared were independence, loyalty towardRead MoreRelationship Between Antigone and Creon1355 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Antigone and Creon Antigone is a play written by Sophocles. The genre of the play that Sophocles wrote was based on tragedy. It is one of the first plays that use tragedy. In the play a young girl named Antigone, stands up against her uncle Creon who is the king. She stands up for her rights, so that she can give a religious burial to Polynices. She was a girl with a lot of will power. This essay talks about the relationship between Antigone and Creon. This essay would containRead MoreAntigone And The Adjustment Bureau Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesGottner PreAP Hour 5 20, December, 2017 Comparing â€Å"Antigone† and The Adjustment Bureau Characters’ Choices and Consequences Many movies are based off of books so they are very similar, but have you ever noticed that a movie and a piece of writing completely unrelated can have many similarities. One that was recently brought to my attention was between the movie Adjustment Bureau and the play â€Å"Antigone†. The play and movie have a couple similarities but one that sticks out to me is the charactersRead MoreComparing Creon, Antigone, And Oedipus1318 Words   |  6 Pagesdedication and determination; however, success is discarded by personal gain. Creon, Antigone, and Oedipus have different personalities and roles, but they also share similarities. Oedipus and Creon were two different types of rulers where the transition into power had effected them and had an infringement of prophecies. While Antigone was never in a leadership role all three show acts of pride she has some similarities with Creon and Oedipus in the fight within oneself. The pride allows civil laws toRead More Looking at the sim ilarities and context of the plays; The Crucible,1001 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible, St. Joan and Antigone I shall be comparing the following three plays: The Crucible, St. Joan, and Antigone. I will be analysing the plays contents so that I can look at the similarities between the three of them and communicating the ideas that each of the three main characters have similar characteristics. The Crucible was written by playwright Arthur Miller and was first produced in 1953. The play is set in Salem, MassachusettsRead MoreOedipus The King And Antigone1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand Antigone. The end of Oedipus the King was the beginning of Antigone. Oedipus the King is one of the strongest tragic Drama as it tells a serious story which evokes fear and pity through incidents that put sympathetic characters in threat and Oedipus the tragic protagonist (the king) who suffer more than he deserved. Although, Antigone resemble Oedipus the King in many faces such as it is a tragic Drama, also it has two tragic protagonists, Antigone and Creon. Both of Antigone and Creon showedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Sophocles Antigone and Shakespeares Othello964 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies of Antigone and Othello were written with great depth and are structured in such a way that both characters are victims, in spite of their crimes. Antigone and Othello are tragedy plays created by using many techniques to create the feelings of fear and pity. There are differences and similarities in ch aracters, action, and themes between Antigone and Othello. First, the major characters in both of the plays are suffering through great pain and end up with death. The drama Antigone which isRead MoreThe Conflict Between Antigone And Creon1327 Words   |  6 PagesAntigone is a play that was written in ancient Greece by the playwright Sophocles. It is the third play in a trilogy of tragedies about the city-state of Thebes, revolving around Oedipus Rex. Antigone starts the day after a civil war fought between the two sons of Oedipus Rex after his death. The civil war ended in death for both brothers, so their uncle, Creon, assumed the role of King of Thebes. The main conflict of the play begins when Creon gives one brother, Eteocles, a burial with honors, butRead MoreAn Interpretive Analysis On Conflicting Self Reassurance1337 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone: An Interpretive Analysis on Conflicting Self-Reassurance Antigone is a complex, yet debatable play, written by Sophocles somewhere around 442 BC. Chronologically, it is the third of the three Theban plays, but was the first to be written. In addition, Antigone was also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written. The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece. Though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays areRead More Sophocles Antigone - Creon and Antigone are Two of a Kind Essay638 Words   |  3 Pages Creon and Antigone – Two of a Kind nbsp; A popular message of the media these days is that underneath the surface, despite our external differences, were all really quite similar.   Whether or not that is a universal truth, it certainly applies to Creon and Antigone, the main characters Sophocles tragedy Antigone.   They appear different outwardly but are two of a kind in personality.   Throughout Antigone, they are in almost constant contention with each other.   They are on opposite

Holocaust Essay - 789 Words

What does the term â€Å"propaganda† say, what does one think of, when approached with this term? Would one think it was of a positive of negative connotation? What about the association it had with the holocaust, would it then be considered negative? Did the Nazis use the role of propaganda overtly? Propaganda played an extremely crucial part in the Nazi’s rise of power, the brainwashing of the Germans to hating and ultimately killing the Jews. What is being discussed is the power of persuasion and how it is used through various forms of media to gain a stronger anti-Semitic than they had already had. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The anti-Semitism that was already apparent was that of the nineteenth century. The Germans naturally hated†¦show more content†¦By getting into a large amount of people’s heads, ideas were easier, and more effective to spread. The messages given were repeated constantly. If one hears a message a number of times, they will start to believe it. The messages were repeated so that every last person understood and believed the anti-Semitic slogans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hitler desired to aim his propaganda crusade exclusively toward the masses. Propaganda had to be popular and geared to the most simple-minded persons. In the last paragraph or so the same message was being presented. By reading, a person would believe and accept the information on propaganda given. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Nazis utilized propaganda to spread the Nazi ideology, philosophy, and mentality into the German population. The hope of the Nazis was the ideas and mentality expressed were going to be part of the Germans everyday regime, and their everyday lives. The thought of the evil Jews was to consume the Germans minds, bodies, and their souls. The thought of other enemies was not to be permitted; the Jews were the only enemy. They were to be the â€Å"enemy of the common people.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The propaganda established the enemy: the Jew. Such sections were of media, films, radio, theatre, organization, press, and education. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The last section: educationShow MoreRelatedHolocaust : Holocaust And Holocaust1247 Words   |  5 Pages History of holocaust Holocaust Term Paper Jewish people were tortured, abused, and subjected through horrific unfathomable situations by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. Despite all of the unpragmatic hardships Jews all over Europe faced, many stayed true to their faith and religion. There are numerous stories in which Jewish people tried to keep the roots of their religion well knowing the risk of torture and death. The never ending fear of Jewish people living in the Ghettos and trying to surviveRead MoreHolocaust : The Holocaust And Holocaust1247 Words   |  5 PagesWe all know the horrific experience, the Jews faced during the Holocaust and after it. Even after some survived the holocaust physically, they will always be tormented and haunted by those gruesome memories from those inhumane actions that were directed towards them. After, all they went through it is obvious the holocaust affected the survivor s drastically, but how about the future generations of Jews. In which I believe the holocaust did in fact affect the second generation, but the third generationRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Holocaust930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust is one of the most well known genocides that have taken place. It had destroyed millions of Jewish lives and has caused a historical pain to these people that cannot be taken away till this day. The Holocaust can be seen from Goldhagen’s perspective of eliminationism. It did have all of the five steps and yet there was uniqueness about the Holocaust. The first one that can be looked at is the concentration camp itself. The history of the camp and the stories are still being unfoldedRead MoreHolocaust : The Holocaust And Holocaust1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust The holocaust is a term originally referred to a religious rite in which an offering is incinerated. But today, has another meaning; is any human disaster of great magnitude and importance, mainly refers to the extermination of the Jews who lived in Europe conducted by the Germany government. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Jewish community was improving their situation and their rights equalized to those of other citizens in most European countries. But despite this, these peopleRead MoreHolocaust : An Examination Of The Holocaust1117 Words   |  5 Pages In the summer of 1944 the soviets freed the Jewish from the concentration camps like Belzec, Treblinka and the most infamous killing camp Auschwitz. In an examination of the holocaust I will converse the effects of the holocaust and their worlds response, to its victims and perpetrators. The aftermath of the holocaust shows the mass Genocide people found, as Germany cures itself it showed civilization that we should not let someone manipulate us, and let them change our ideals and beliefs. I willRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Jewish Holocaust858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jewish Holocaust is often described as the largest, most gruesome holocaust in history. It began in 1933 with the rise of Adolf Hitler and lasted nearly twelve years until the Nazi Party were defeated by the Allied powers in 1945. The expression â€Å"Holocaust† originated from Greece which is translated to â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. This is a very proper name considering the slaughter and carnage of Jewi sh people inflicted by the Nazis. In addition to the Jewish, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexualRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Causes Of The Holocaust804 Words   |  4 PagesAfter WW2, there was a thing called the holocaust. There were many concentration camps all over Germany where many Jews were killed in different ways. It happened between WW1 and WW2, 1933-1945. My position on why this happened is that Germany was going through a rough time, so Hitler wanted their country to resemble power. Read on to learn more about the causes and ways the Holocaust could have been avoided. The Holocaust was a mass slaying of groups of people which that Germany saw as inferiorRead MoreThe holocaust959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Year 10 Humanities 2013 Unit 2: World War 2 Task 2 The Holocaust The Causes of the Holocaust The Process of the Holocaust In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Germany would occupy during World War II. By 1945, the Germans killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the Final Solution, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger toRead MoreThe Holocaust971 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Holocaust The Holocaust was one of the most horrible and dreaded events in history. Millions of Jews were killed, leaving many families devastated and hopeless. With the goal of racial purity, Adolf Hitler- along with many other Germans believed the Jews caused the defeat of their country, and led the Nazis to the elimination of Jews. For this reason, â€Å"Even in the early 21st century, the legacy of the Holocaust endures†¦as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day† (The Holocaust). LaterRead MoreHolocaust Final Draft : Holocaust1495 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Harmon Holocaust Final draft World History The holocaust started when Adolf Hitler became Germany’s dictator, and they started the organization called the Nazis. They started by terrorizing the Jewish community in Germany, then eventually put them all into concentration camps. In one of the bigger camps, they experimented and took newborn babies away from the nursing mothers and they were seeing how long they would survive without feeding. Between 1945 and 1985, about 5,000 Nazi

Forrest Gump Chapter Twenty-Five Free Essays

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The North Face Company Essay Example For Students

The North Face Company Essay Executive Summary1997 was a year of record sales and profits for The North Face, Inc. The company experienced significant growth in sales, income, and earnings per share. This has been a continuation of their upward trend since 1995. The North Face has been expanding their retail shops in both domestic and foreign markets. In the process of this expansion though, the company has dramatically increased its overhead costs resulting in greater total liabilities. During the course of 3 years, the liquidity of the company has gone down. After analyzing the financial statements of The North Face, we have discovered a strong upward trend, which makes this company a prime candidate for investors. Its financial achievements have led us to believe that this is a solid company with strong prospects for future success. IntroductionThe North Face Inc. We will write a custom essay on The North Face Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2013 Farallon DriveSan Leandro, CA 94577TELEPHONE: (510) 618-3500EXCHANGE: NASDAQTICKER SYMBOL: TNFIThe North Face designs and distributes technically sophisticated outerwear, ski wear, functional sportswear, tents, sleeping bags, backpacks and daypacks, all under the North Face name. The company characterizes its apparel-related products as equipment for the body. The North Face products are original designs and carry a lifetime warranty for the original owner against defects in materials and workmanship. The companys goal is to offer the most technically advanced products in its field and to establish the industry standard in each product category. Present and Projected ActivitiesThe North Face currently operates 202 Summit Shops with a projected number of 375 shops to be opened by the end of 1998. The company recently introduced a new multidimensional research design and development process involving a 32 member product development team, the input of The North Faces team of world class athletes, explorers and external technology partners. The North Face also announced a $130 million global credit facility that they will institute in the near future, which will enable them to fund future expansion and support their working capital requirements as they continue to grow. The TNFI is planning to launch an outdoor performance footwear line in the Spring of 1999. They have completed substantial market tests and concluded that footwear is an integral part of being a complete outdoor and exploration brand.Currently, the shoe market is a $2.8 billion industry internationally with a 6% forecasted growth rate annually over the next five years. This presents a significant sales opportunity which will help The North Face become a more balanced year round business. The company has also instituted an in depth European sales and marketing strategy in hopes of generating an internationally known and respected name of quality outdoor equipment. Liquidity Liquidity ratios indicate the corporations ability to meet short-term cash requirements and are important to potential and existing creditors. The current ratio indicates whether the firm will have enough resources to meet obligations becoming due during the next period. In 1997, The North Face had a current ratio of 1.98:1 down from 3.6:1 in 1996. Their current ratio falls below the current industry standard of 2.3:1. Being that the ratio was still greater than one, the company was able to meet current liabilities as they fell due. Their working capital had increased in 1997 to $59,117,000 from $50,438,000 in 1996. The quick ratio is a more stringent test of short-term liquidity. This shows us TheNorth Faces ability to pay off their loans without relying on the sale of their inventories. In 1997 the Quick Ratio was 1.05:1 compared to 1.72:1 in the previous year. The decreased liquidity ratios show that the increase in liabilities could pose a threat to the companys abilities to generate the capital needed to pay the short-term borrowings in the near future. ProfitabilityProfitability ratios indicate the degree of success of a companys operations during the year. This is accomplished through showing the amount of resources needed to generate profits versus the capital consumed in the process and finally, the cash availability to stockholders. Profit margin represents the average percentage of each sales dollar translates into profit. The North Face had a profit margin of 10.2 % for 1997 and 8.6% for 1996, which were both noticably above the current industry average of 2.9%. The North Faces high profit margin is an indication of their efficiency so a lesser amount of sales are needed to generate a desired level of profit. .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .postImageUrl , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:hover , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:visited , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:active { border:0!important; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:active , .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u783b7c571b7861fb90c023f32943defa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mars 3 EssayReturn on Assets illustrates how well a corperations assets are utilized in order to achieve a profit. For example, in 1997, The North Face had a Return on Assets of 14.9%. What is the industry averageIn 1997 The North Face earned 49.2% off of owners investments; this ratio is currently above both its competitors and industry averages. Earnings Per Share have increased from $.96 in 1996 to $.98 in 1997, which is a result of an increase in net income over the past two years. However, there were no cash dividends paid out to common stockholders in either 1996 or 1997. Price to earnings ratio is used as an indicator of the future performance of stock, in 1997, The North Faces stock was selling at rate of 28.2 times the EPS. This average was slightly below the current industry average of 31.1. Despite The North Face falling short of the P/E industry average, we feel they have demonstrated a strong performance to date and exhibit considerable potential in the future. The underlying reason for their shortcoming is they are a relatively new company, with little or no pay-outs to stockholders in the past 5 years. CoverageCoverage ratios measure the corporation s ability to meet long-term debt obligations on a continuing basis. The debt to equity ratio of The North Face in 1997 was 40.7%, which refers to the fact that for every $1 of owners equity gained, they incurred $.40 of liabilities. This is up considerably from 1996 when it was 22.7%, but with the current expansion campaign they are in the midst of, that is to be expected with huge amounts of capital needed. In the process of this venture, they impose many important contractual obligations on the company as these liabilities need to be reduced in order to keep a good standing with stockholders. As it stands now, The North Face is currently financed by 17.5% more of debt. I dont get the more of debt Book value per share is an indication of the net worth of the corporation. In 1997, The North Face had a book value per share of $8.98 and $7.72 in 1996Need to do something hereOperationalStockholders EquityEarnings per share rose 55% in 1997 to $.96 per share. An important factor to look at in the statement of Stockholders Equity is the total shareholders equity which is the owners total claim on the company. This rose from $86,499,000 in 1996 to $103,293,000 in 1997. Retained Earnings increased from $10,113,000 in 1996 to $21,220,000 in 1997. During the 1st quarter of 1997 the price range of common stock reached a high of $21 . The 4th quarter of 1997 showed a high of $27 5/8, which illustrates that with an increase of $5 7/8 per share, giving stockholders a reassurance of growth in the company. Industry ComparisonsBased on current industry comparisons, we feel that The North Face is a company in strong financial position. Two of The North Faces main competitors are K2 and Oakley. As a stockholder we suggest investment in The North Face. The current EPS for 12 months was $.85, compared to an industry average of $0.57, and the EPS for the Fiscal Year was $0.96 compared to an industry average of $0.61. ConculsionIn analyzing The North Faces financial statements, we feel the company. In opening 160 new summit shops in 1997, the company experienced an increase in sales. In 1995 and 1996 the net sales of the compnay were steady at $ 121,534,000 and $ 158,226,000 respectively. Net income was also constant at $ 3,485,000 in 1995 and $4,801,000 in 1997. Due to these openings , the net sales of the company increased by 25% and net income increased by 250%. The first area we examined was the liquidity ratios. Both the current and quick ratios are below the industry standards. We feel that this is due to the large increase of liabilities they have incurred over the past year. Over the past 4 years, the company has continued to expand their technical innovations. They created Tekware, a 100 Percent Not Cotton functional sportswear that resists shrinking and fading and is three times more abrasion- and tear- resistant than cotton. In 1997 The North Face introduced UltraWick, a new technology designed to replace sweatshirts. The North Face has also started a campaign make t heir products readily avaible to everyday customers. They have nine retail shops across the United States and currently operate 220 Summit Shops. The North Face has showed that they are not only concerned about the present success of the company but the future as well. To date The North Face has opened 202 Summit Shops in the U.S., Canada and Europe, with a minimum of 375 planned to be open by the end opf 1998, 550 planned by the end of 1999 , and 800 planned by the end of 2000.They have made plans for the introduction of a new outdoor footwear line to be introduced in 1999. *********IF YOU GO TO LEHIGH IT WOULD BE REAL STUPID TO USE THIS PAPER***************

Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four

and ideas and condemned it severely in his widely acclaimed satirical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The world portrayed in 1984 is a horrifying place where people are deprived of every rights claimed by The Declaration Of Independence. By using the word victory repeatedly in the novel, Orwell successfully brings out  ¡Ã‚ §the opposite effect from what is intended or presented ¡Ã‚ ¨ (A Handbook of Literature), to satire the totalitarian regime. The following parts will emphasise on several of the victories to find out how the effect is achieved. By first comparing living conditions in Oceania, the totalitarian state in the novel, the hidden truth behind the word victory is that ordinary people, who live in poverty are the real loser, while the mere winner is the ruling class, who wins absolute control over its people and so the resources. Winston Smith, the protagonist of 1984, lives in Victory Mansions, forty-five year old flats with everything falling to pieces. The smell of the place is foul, and the plaster, the pipes, the roof, and the heating system are all out of order constantly. A typical kind of  ¡Ã‚ §home ¡Ã‚ ¨ of the Outer Party members, is as though  ¡Ã‚ §Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€¹hasÆ’Ã  just been visited by some large violent animal ¡Ã‚ ¨ (23). Posters and banners ... Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four For more than two hundred years, The Declaration Of Independence continues to speak for people worldwide who are in favor of democracy.  ¡Ã‚ §Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ¡Ã‚ ¨ are undeniable rights of people in a free society. Meanwhile, totalitarian regimes, such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Stalin Soviet Union in the first half of twentieth-century, try to control every aspect of lives of their citizens by establishing absolute power (The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789-1945). Then entered George Orwell. As an authentic writer full of hatred of authority, he was so concerned with the damage had been done by totalitarian doctrine that he armed himself with words and ideas and condemned it severely in his widely acclaimed satirical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The world portrayed in 1984 is a horrifying place where people are deprived of every rights claimed by The Declaration Of Independence. By using the word victory repeatedly in the novel, Orwell successfully brings out  ¡Ã‚ §the opposite effect from what is intended or presented ¡Ã‚ ¨ (A Handbook of Literature), to satire the totalitarian regime. The following parts will emphasise on several of the victories to find out how the effect is achieved. By first comparing living conditions in Oceania, the totalitarian state in the novel, the hidden truth behind the word victory is that ordinary people, who live in poverty are the real loser, while the mere winner is the ruling class, who wins absolute control over its people and so the resources. Winston Smith, the protagonist of 1984, lives in Victory Mansions, forty-five year old flats with everything falling to pieces. The smell of the place is foul, and the plaster, the pipes, the roof, and the heating system are all out of order constantly. A typical kind of  ¡Ã‚ §home ¡Ã‚ ¨ of the Outer Party members, is as though  ¡Ã‚ §Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€¹hasÆ’Ã  just been visited by some large violent animal ¡Ã‚ ¨ (23). Posters and banners ...

Conjugation Tables for the Italian Verb Giocare

Conjugation Tables for the Italian Verb 'Giocare' Giocare is a versatile Italian verb meaning to play, matter, come into play, gamble, deceive, or even trick. It is a regular  first-conjugation Italian verb.  Giocare  is either a transitive verb (meaning it takes a  direct object) or intransitive verb (meaning it does not take a  direct object) and is conjugated with the  auxiliary verb  avere. First-Conjugation Verbs Before conjugating  giocare, its important to understand what first-conjugation Italian verbs are and how they are conjugated. Verbs with infinitives ending in –are are called first-conjugation, or –are, verbs. The present tense of a regular –are verb is formed by dropping the infinitive ending –are and adding the appropriate endings to the resulting stem. There is a different ending for each person. There are two types of first-conjugation verbs: with verbs like giocare ending in –care (as well as similar verbs like  cercare,  to try  and  caricare,  to charge) and –gare (such as  litigare, to fight, and  legare, to bond), you add an h immediately after the root with declinations startining with e or i to  maintain the hard c or hard g sound. The Auxiliary Verb Avere In Italian, an auxiliary verb- either  avere  (which is paired with giocare) or  essere- is used whenever forming  compound tenses. The auxiliary (or helping) verb, in combination with another, gives a particular meaning to the conjugated verb form. For example, compound tenses such as the  passato prossimo  are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb  avere  or  essere  and the  participio  passato, â€Å" past participle. Conjugating Giocare The tables provide conjugations for tenses and moods of the verb giocare.  Where available, links provide an opportunity to find further information about the meaning and use of the mood or tense. Indicative/Indicativo Presente io gioco tu giochi lui, lei, Lei gioca noi giochiamo voi giocate loro, Loro giocano Imperfetto io giocavo tu giocavi lui, lei, Lei giocava noi giocavamo voi giocavate loro, Loro giocavano Passato Remoto io giocai tu giocasti lui, lei, Lei gioc noi giocammo voi giocaste loro, Loro giocarono Futuro Semplice io giocher tu giocherai lui, lei, Lei giocher noi giocheremo voi giocherete loro, Loro giocheranno Passato Prossimo io ho giocato tu hai giocato lui, lei, Lei ha giocato noi abbiamo giocato voi avete giocato loro, Loro hanno giocato Trapassato Prossimo io avevo giocato tu avevi giocato lui, lei, Lei aveva giocato noi avevamo giocato voi avevate giocato loro, Loro avevano giocato Trapassato Remoto io ebbi giocato tu avesti giocato lui, lei, Lei ebbe giocato noi avemmo giocato voi aveste giocato loro, Loro ebbero giocato Future Anteriore io avr giocato tu avrai giocato lui, lei, Lei avr giocato noi avremo giocato voi avrete giocato loro, Loro avranno giocato Subjunctive/Congiuntivo Presente io giochi tu giochi lui, lei, Lei giochi noi giochiamo voi giochiate loro, Loro giochino Imperfetto io giocassi tu giocassi lui, lei, Lei giocasse noi giocassimo voi giocaste loro, Loro giocassero Passato io abbia giocato tu abbia giocato lui, lei, Lei abbia giocato noi abbiamo giocato voi abbiate giocato loro, Loro abbiano giocato Trapassato io avessi giocato tu avessi giocato lui, lei, Lei avesse giocato noi avessimo giocato voi aveste giocato loro, Loro avessero giocato Conditional/Condizionale Presente io giocherei tu giocheresti lui, lei, Lei giocherebbe noi giocheremmo voi giochereste loro, Loro giocherebbero Passato io avrei giocato tu avresti giocato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe giocato noi avremmo giocato voi avreste giocato loro, Loro avrebbero giocato Imperative/Imperativo Presente gioca giochi giochiamo giocate giochino Infinitive/Infinito Presente giocare Passato avere giocato Participle/Participio Presente giocante Passato giocato Gerund/Gerundio Presente giocando Passato avendo giocato

Human Sexuality and Disability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Sexuality and Disability - Case Study Example From this study it is clear that social control over sexuality, bound up with control over birthrate and morality, becomes a fundamental class and race marker, or just a kind of measure of normality. It should be mentioned that sexuality of individuals with disabilities is mostly taken as taboo and avoided giving publicity, as well as gender identity is often represented as disabled, e. d. problematic. The most ordinary example of the fact that society rejects sexual identity of people with disabilities is symbols on the rest-room doors.This paper stresses that  nevertheless on dealing with pure sexuality one may notice that disability in the first instance threatens to masculine. The reason is that female gender identity is not contradictory to disabled people passivity.   As for the disabled man it is clear that on drawing an analogy between himself and a popular culture ‘hero’ character, an active, successful, and well-knit men, he realizes a dissonance. In this c ase we get conflicting identities. This conflict gets to the center of attention of popular culture, appealing to disabled image. Tom Cruise’s character in the movie    «The Men, Born on the Fourth of July » is a classical example of an individual with disability living in US. The white war-horse is heavily trying to get used to own disability, which is presented in the context of emasculation or sexual disability.  All attempts to have some sexual life just face women’s jeers.... In the 1980'es the new ideology of 'normalization' came into existence, though eugenics continued to exist showing itself in fear and enmity. People having difficulties in learning have been usually treated as unable to play 'usual' (including sexual) roles. As a matter of fact gender identity makes different possibilities for a man and for a woman. In spite of the fact the demographical data is characterized by predominance of aged disabled women, most of them even of young age are treated like useless from the point of view of fertility, that is to say for performance of traditionally women's roles (Fine and Asch, 1988). Nevertheless on dealing with pure sexuality one may notice that disability in the first instance threatens to masculine. The reason is that female gender identity is not contradictory to disabled people passivity. As for the disabled man it is clear that on drawing an analogy between himself and a popular culture 'hero' character, an active, successful, and well-knit men, he realizes a dissonance. In this case we get conflicting identities. This conflict gets to the center of attention of popular culture, appealing to disabled image. Tom Cruise's character in the movie 'The Men, Born on the Fourth of July' is a classical example of an individual with disability living in US. The white war-horse is heavily trying to get used to own disability, which is presented in the context of emasculation or sexual disability (Shakespeare 1996: 194). All attempts to have some sexual life just face women's jeers. But this disable man gets over the 'lack of masculine', and attains high social status and general acceptance. He returns his own activity, initiative, and control by participation in pacifist movement.

Digital Media Report on Management of Innovation Essay

Digital Media Report on Management of Innovation - Essay Example The company is co-owned by Amargi Investments and UK Safety Company with the former owning 90%, while the latter being in possession of the remaining share. The initial idea was first developed at the end of year 2002 by Leigh Dowie, while in Woodside’s LNG IV Project. Being an engineer and experiencing complications in keeping the workplace accident free, he saw it as an opportunity to improve on the existing safety systems. In 2003, research was started on the existing safety systems and the problems realized in the systems prompted the embracing of technology in new designs of the security systems. Leigh Dowie went on to design new safety systems, carrying out the planning excellently and executing IP strategy, which will be explained in details in the subsequent sections. In 2005, with the design ready, Dowie approached the authorities in order to be handed a license and did promotion on the first prototype that was released in the course of the year. Comprehensive prototy ping then followed in the year 2006 with the final design being achieved in the following year. Additionally, license negotiation was carried out in 2007. Lots of efforts were put into the design in 2008 and 2009 with Dowie achieving to establish a license, trial production being run and also validation testing being done and completed. In the year 2010 early commercials trials were done on the design and the design acquired standard certification in the same year. The systems were now ready for the market by 2011 and commenced first distributor sales with Exclusive Rights being cancelled the same year. In 2012 the company has now focused on raising the capital and initiating distributor networks and direct sales Establishing an environment for innovation IP Strategies IP is the abbreviation of Intellectual Property rights, which are the rights accorded to an inventor of a design by the government so as to avoid exploitation of the inventor and also avoid a situation in which someon e else would use the design without consent from the design owner1. There are different kinds of IP rights, which chiefly depend on the kind of property being granted the right of ownership. In cases where a new design is developed or an existing design modified a patent is given to the inventor to prevent his/her work from being used by others without the inventor benefitting2. The process of maturing and sustaining an efficient IP strategy is quite cumbersome, but is very necessary before a new product is taken to the market for sales. In order to mature an IP strategy the following steps are used as guidelines: study more on the IP strategies, find more about the freedom acquired when using IP strategies, approach relevant authorities and lastly develop an inclusive IP strategy and operation plan Leigh being so much aware of the risk his innovation faced developed a competitive IP strategy making a very smart move, which should be emulated by other innovators. He patented his des ign of the two independent spools joined by a locking mechanism hence put on clear line between his invention and those that preceded his design. New Zealand, Canada and Australia all granted him safeguard for his invention from parties, which could take advantage and use the design for personal interests. Managing organizational knowledge and innovation strategies Leign is very innovative and creative, which is evident in him coming up with a very good design of a safety system

Assessing The Conflict And Consensus Approaches

Assessing The Conflict And Consensus Approaches Consensus is a concept of society in which the absence of conflict is seen as the equilibrium state of society based on a general or widespread agreement among all members of a particular society. The consensus ideology proposes that society consists of social institutions which are all dependent of each other and are vital for maintaining social order. The consensus theory highlights harmony, integration and stability. Functionalists argue that the main institutional groupings play a tremendous role in determining the culture of society. These, as example include economic, politics, family and kinship, as well as media. Economic growth plays a role as well because it affects the way certain societies think and how they run their everyday lives. The functionalist perspective is rooted in the work of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and gives the view of society as an organism in which each part functions in a certain way to ensure the stability of the whole. Though society is something which exists on its own it has a structure of parts that maintains it. The parts are institutions like the family or the church, which are useful or functional in some way, but if the institution was no longer functional it would disappear and be replaced like a passing fashion. People involved in these institutions may not be aware of their function, but because the institution exists certain effects follow. Institutions are long lasting so therefore functional. The foundations of functionalism explain how social inequality is necessary to motivate the more talented members of society to train to fulfil the demands of social positions which are functionally more important than others. They list the rank order of positions as religion, government, wealth and technical knowledge and point out that only a limited number of people have the talents which can be turned into the skills needed for these positions. This takes training which means social and financial sacrifices are made, so in order to encourage people to undergo this training, and to endure the demands of the future position itself, they are given certain privileges. This may include access to scarce resources such as property, power and prestige. This access to scarce resources produces stratification but also inequality in the amount of resources allocated to different people. This inequality is both functional and inevitable. Functionalist theories state that education meets the needs of the industrial society as well as the cultural society and has the important role of socialising the individual to fit into, and continue, the social system. Individuals are born into a society that already has an identity of its own and education has the function of passing on shared values and skills. Where functionalism uses consensus, shared norms and values and concepts such as order, harmony, cohesion and integration, Marxism takes a different view. Marx argues that that economic inequality is at the heart of all societies. Conflict is a disagreement or clash between opposing ideas, principles, or people-this can be a covert or overt conflict. The conflict perspective is based on many conflict approaches. In spite of their inconsequential differences, they all have a model of society as a whole and they collectively share the view of the structural approach. Additionally, all perspectives, in some form or another, share the notion that sociological groups have different interests. As a result, they propose that conflicts are always probable since that when different groups advocate their own individual interests, it tends to cause disagreement and in certain situations, resentment. Arguably, the two most prestigious standpoints within the approach are the Marxist and feminist conflict theories. A major difference between functionalism and the conflict perspective is that the conflict approach accentuates the existence of competi ng groups whilst functionalism views groups as being fully cooperative. Conflict theorists emphasise conflict and contradiction whereas consensus theorists maintain that societys institutions work within functional unity. The conflict paradigm (particular Marxists), conversely, holds that society has an infrastructure and a superstructure that work independently. The ideology considers value as being the mechanisms for keeping society together. Conflict theorists reject the assertion and claim that values are imposed by the powerful groups in society. Conflict theory, proposes that conflict, struggle and change are more prevailing within society. Marxism sees human history as a class struggle, with oppressor and oppressed wrestling for control. The dominant class controls and owns the means of production or wealth generation, and the working class in therefore controlled by them. Welfare is a result of the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation, a concession the dominant class must make to maintain social order. Programmes such as welfare and pensions help to legitimise the capitalist system with the working class. Welfare then becomes another vehicle for power and control by the dominant class. Its purpose is to placate rather than empower the poor, and seeks to reduce the individual to a state of dependency on those in power. According to Marxist theory, society has unfolded in a series of ever-progressing and better structures, as defined by their economic development and modes of production, from the primitive communal to slave-based to feudal to capitalist. The final stage was communism. This was predicted to be the best possible means of governance and structure of society, one that would erase inequalities and allow individuals to achieve their full potential and value within their community. Marxism viewed the individual as part of a collective organism, society. Inequalities in society resulted from distinction in classes, not particular individual decisions or behaviours. Conflict was between these classes, and rooted in struggle for power. Marxism assumes the individual can and will contribute to the greater community as much as they are able, and will be motivated by the common good. When society has evolved or elevated itself to this place, inequalities will be dealt with appropriately The problem with broad application of Marxist theory is that individuals do take advantage. As Wes Sharrock 1977 puts it: The conflict view is founded upon the assumption that society may provide extraordinarily good lives for some usually only possible because the great majority are oppressed and degraded. Difference of interest are therefore as important to society as agreements upon riles and values, and most societies are so organised that they not only provide greater benefits for some than for others Social conflict differs from consensus because it is interested in the way unenequal distribution of advantage in a society structures behaviour and is interested in the conflict inherent in such a society. The Marxist perspective concentrates on the differences between groups and concepts such as control, conflict, power, domination and exploitation. This is the theory based on the work of Karl Marx (1818-1833) Marx felt that social class was the main form of inequality and saw only two significant social classes. He maintained that it was capitalist industrialisation that led to this two class society, the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production (e.g. factories) and the proletariat who became the wage labourers (working in the factories). What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (Marx and Engels. 1848) Is social stratification socially constructed. Throughout the ages there has always been evidence in stratification and how it is socially moulded into almost everything. It can be seen In families, the workforce, in politics and international from one country to another, male against female, ages from young to the old and from the rich to the poor. It is even seen in the animal kingdom and it appears to be a natural instinctive survival mechanism but one that is unfair. It seems to happen when one or more people having a belief in something which in turn over powers the next therefore creating a layer with a low medium and high for example the class system of the poor and the bourgeoisie It depends on the individuals definition of social stratification however one may understand it as a form of hierarchy which is displayed almost in everything and everywhere we are only free when we are first born from then on in we belong to a class starting within the family union through to a much bigger ranking within local to international society. FOUR SECTIONS : RACE GENDER SEX AND AGE There are two reports which have been commissioned by the government to try and find some evidence of variations in health and illness. These are The Black Report (1980) chaired by Sir Douglas Black and The Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health by Sir Donald Acheson (1998). Firstly, in The Black Report inequalities in human health take a number of distinctive forms. Most attention is given to differences in health as measured over the years between the social (or more strictly occupational) classes. When comparing rates of mortality among men and women in each of the 5 classes. Taking the 2 extremes as a point of comparison it can be seen that for both men and women the risk of death before retirement is two-and-a-half times as great in class 5 (unskilled manua1 workers and their wives), as it is in class 1 (professional men and their wives). One of the most distinctive features of human health in the advanced societies is the gap in life expectancy between men and women. This phenomenon carries important implications for all spheres of social policy but especially health, since old age is a time when demand for health care is at its greatest and the dominant pattern of premature male mortality has added the exacerbating problem of isolation to the situation of elderly women who frequently survive their partners by many years. The imbalance in the ratio of males to females in old age is the cumulative product of health inequalities between the sexes during the whole lifetime. These inequalities are found in every occupational class demonstrating that gender and class exert highly significant and different influences on the quality and duration of life in modern society. Rates of age-specific mortality vary considerably between the regions which make up the United Kingdom. Using mortality as an indicator of health the healthiest part of Britain appears to be the southern belt (below a line drawn across the country from the Wash to the Bristol Channel). This part of the country has not always exhibited the low rates of mortality that are found there today. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the South East of England recorded comparatively high rates of death, while other regions like Wales and the far North had a rather healthier profile. The fluctuation in the distribution of mortality over the years suggests that social (including industrial and occupational) as much as natural factors must be at work in creating the pattern of regional health inequalities. One of the most important dimensions of inequality in contemporary Britain is race. Immigrants to this country from the so-called new Commonwealth, whose ethnic identity is clearly visible in the colour of their skin, are known to experience greater difficulty in finding work and adequate housing (Smith, 1976). Given, for example, these social and economic disabilities it is to be expected that they might also record rather high than average rates of mortality and morbidity. Class differences in mortality are a constant feature of the entire human lifetime. They are found at birth, during the first year of life, in childhood, adolescence and in adult life. In general they are more marked the start of life and in early adulthood. Average life expectancy provides a useful summary of the cumulative impact of these advantages and disadvantages throughout life. A child born to professional parents, if he or she is not socially mobile, can expect to spend over 5 years more as a living person than a child born to an unskilled manual household. At birth and during the first month of life the risk of death in class 5 is double the risk in class 1. When the fortunes of babies born to skilled manual fathers are compared with those who enter the world as the offspring of professional workers the risk of mortality is one and half times as great. From the end of the first month to the end of the first year, class differentials in infant mortality reach a peak of disadvantage. For the death of every one male infant in class 1, we can expect almost 4 deaths in class 5. In adult life, class differences in mortality are found for many different causes. As in childhood the rate of accidental death and infectious disease forms a steep gradient especially among men; moreover an extraordinary variety of causes of deaths such as cancer, heart and respiratory disease also differentiate between the classes. The duration of the human lifetime is one of the best means of approximating the lifelong pattern of health of individuals and whole populations. As we have seen, the risk of premature death in Britain today is systematically related to socioeconomic variables. This association is not new or unusual. Death rates have always been relatively high among the underprivileged and materially deprived sections of communities. Why this should continue to be so in an era characterised by new patterns of disease, increased purchasing power, and state provision of free medical care is more perplexing. In infancy and childhood where the class gradients are steep, the major causes of death are in many ways directly linked to poverty and to environmental risk. In adulthood the relationship between health and class becomes more complex and in old age social and economic deprivation becomes a common experience. Both Cartwright and OBrien (1976) and Buchan and Richardson (1973) have studied GP consultations in depth. Both investigations showed that middle class patients tended to have longer consultations than did working class ones. More problems were discussed at consultations with middle class patients than with working class ones. Cartwright and OBrien also found that middle class patients were, in a sense, able to make better use of the consultation time, as measured by the number of items of information communicated and the number of questions asked. Moreover even though working class patients tended to have been with the same practice for longer, the doctors seemed to have more knowledge of the personal and domestic circumstances of their middle class patients. In an earlier study Cartwright had found that middle class patients were more likely to be visited by their GP when in hospital than were working class patients (Cartwright, 1964). For cultural reasons then, and also because th ere is a tendency for the better doctors to work in middle class areas, the suggestion is that middle class patients receive a better service when they do present themselves than do working class patients. In the case of family planning and maternity services substantial evidence shows that those social groups in greatest need make least use of services and (in the case of antenatal care) are least likely to come early to the notice of the service. Cartwright (1970) found clear class gradients in the proportion of mothers having an antenatal examination, attending a family planning clinic, and discussing birth control with their GP. Unintended pregnancies were more common among working class women. Bone (1973) also found that women from the non-manua1 classes make more use of family planning services than those from the manual classes. This was true both for married and for unmarried women. Similar differences have been found in presentation for post-natal examination (Douglas and Rowntree, 1949) and (by Gordon, 1951) immunisation, ante-natal and post natal supervision and uptake of vitamin foods. The National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort) found substantial differences in immunisation rates in children aged 7, as well as in attendance at the dentist. Among women, it has been found that those in classes 4 and 5 are much less likely to be screened for cervical cancers even though mortality from this condition is much higher in these classes than in the non-manual classes. In the Acheson report, the findings were much the same as The Black Report. The Acheson Report has also shown that health was improving but more for the higher than lower social classes. Premature mortality, that is death before age 65, is higher among people who are unskilled. If all men in this age group had the same death rates as those in classes I and II, it is estimated that there would have been over 17,000 fewer deaths each year from 1991 to 1993. Deaths from accidents and suicide occur at relatively young ages and each contribute nearly as much to overall years of working life lost as coronary heart disease. Death rates from all three causes are higher among those in the lower social classes, and markedly so among those in class V (Office for National Statistics and Blane Drever 1998). In adulthood, being overweight is a measure of possible ill health, with obesity a risk factor for many chronic diseases. There is a marked social class gradient in obesity which is greater among women than among men. (Colhoun and Prescott-Clarke, 1996), (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1997), (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1998). In 1996, 25 per cent of women in class V were classified as obese compared to 14 per cent of women in class I. Another indicator of poor health is raised blood pressure. There is a clear social class differential among women, with those in higher classes being less likely than those in the manual classes to have hypertension. In 1996, 17 per cent of women in class I and 24 per cent in class V had hypertension. There was no such difference for men where the comparable proportions were 20 per cent and 21 per cent respectively (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1997). Across different ethnic groups, there are very different rates of unemployment. Those from minority ethnic groups have higher rates than the white population. Black men have particularly high unemployment rates as do Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (Office for National Statistics 1998). Between 1982 and 1992, there was a steep increase in the number of households accepted by Local Authorities as homeless. Since then, there has been a decrease of about a quarter. Of the 166,000 households classified as homeless in 1997, over 103,000 were accepted by local authorities to be unintentionally homeless and in priority need. Over half of households accepted by local authorities as homeless had dependent children and a further tenth had a pregnant household member (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions 1997 and 1998). There is a clear social class gradient for both men and women in the proportion who smoke. In 1996, this ranged from 12 per cent of professional men to 41 per cent of men in unskilled manual occupations and from 11 per cent to 36 per cent for women (Office for National Statistics 1998). In spite of the major class differences in dependence on alcohol in men (Meltzer et al 1995), there are very small differences in the reported quantities consumed. This is not the case among women where higher consumption is related to higher social class (Office for National Statistics 1998). People in lower socioeconomic groups tend to eat less fruit and vegetables, and less food which is rich in dietary fibre. As a consequence, they have lower intakes of anti-oxidant and other vitamins, and some minerals, than those in higher socioeconomic groups (Colhoun and Prescott-Clarke 1996), (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1996), (Department of Health 1989), (Gregory et al 1990), (Gregory et al 1995). One aspect of dietary behaviour that affects the health of infants is the incidence of breastfeeding. Six weeks after birth, almost three quarters of babies in class I households are still breastfed. This declines with class to less than one quarter of babies in class V. The differences between classes in rates of breastfeeding at six weeks has narrowed slightly between 1985 and 1995 (Foster et al 1997). Class inequalities in health have been accounted for in a number of different ways. The report of the DHSS Inequalities in Health Working Group The Black Report lists four types of explanation. These are inequality as an artefact, inequality as natural selection, inequality as material deprivation and inequality as cultural deprivation. The artefact explanation argues that inequalities in health are not real but artificial. They are an effect produced in the attempt to measure something which is more complicated than the tools of measurement can appreciate. It is argued that changes in the occupational structure are likely to combine with age to confound any attempt to measure inequality in mortality even at one point in time. It is suggested that the age structure of social class 5 is likely to be biased towards older workers because younger recruits to the labour force will have entered better paid, more skilled occupations, that have expanded since the war. Since the mortality risk increases with the age, this effect is likely to enlarge the rate of social class 5 as a whole. If so, the observed gradient is really caused by the skewed age structure of the unskilled manual class rather than by the poorer health of its members. The most persuasive attempt to explain health inequalities as the outcome of a process natural selection, has been put forward by the statistician, Jon Stern. He argues that those people with better health move up the social class ladder and those with poorer health move down the social class ladder (Stern 1983). Stern defines health as a fixed or genetic property of individuals largely independent of their immediate social and economic environment. His argument rests on the assumption that health itself increases the probability of social mobility and that the class structure permits movement up and down. This means that no matter how deprived the social background, a genetic potentiality for good health will enable a person to overcome material disadvantage and climb out of poverty. Material deprivation means a shortage of the material resources on which healthy human existence depends. This means that health is directly affected by the material circumstances in which people live. In less developed societies (poor housing) its effects may appear in very high death rates from diseases primarily caused by malnutrition and exposure. People in poverty may not be able to afford or access healthy foods to stay healthy or they may become ill more often because of poorly heated homes. Health inequality as cultural deprivation means that the poor have a self destructive culture which leads them to become ill because of the lifestyles and personal habits in which they engage, for example, smoking, alcohol, poor diet and lack of exercise, but these poor health behaviours are also a strategy to cope with the persistent material deprivation they experience. The psycho social explanation suggests that long term chronic stresses are unevenly distributed in society, basically in line with class position (structural inequalities). The impact of stresses depends on how individuals view them, subjectively, and deal with them. This, in turn, depends on the buffering resources we have in terms of personality, social background, location in the social structure, education, financial resources, and the supportiveness of the social environment. The social environment and the social location can generate self efficacy which is a feeling of personal control, mastery over ones life, instrumentalism (opposite concept to fatalism, powerlessness, learned helplessness). Self efficacy is the extent to which individuals see themselves in control of the forces which have a significant influence on their lives. Self efficacy is linked to self esteem, self concept, social support and individuals coping style. In other words, the psycho-social approach forges a link between class position and vulnerability to social stresses. Wilkinson et al (1990) discuss a social cohesion approach and argue that social and power inequalities (i.e. authoritarian hierarchies and non democratic social organisations, and potential status inequalities such as gender and ethnicity) will affect the quality of social relationships. Where inequalities produce anger, frustration, fear insecurity and negative emotion, social relations will suffer. Better health is linked to better social relations, through trust, more security, more social support, more self esteem, self respect, a sense of belonging and less financial and material disadvantage. Thus democratic and participatory styles of social organisation from the family to political organisations have a health enhancing effect. A life course theory regards health as reflecting the patterns of social, psychological and biological advantages and disadvantages experienced by the individual over time. A life course theory of health inequality regards these patterns as being profoundly affected by the position of individuals and families in social and economic structures and hierarchies of status. However, these links themselves depend on the political and cultural environment, which means that there is a need for a life course political economy of health, which examines the ways in which economic and social policies influence the accumulation of material and psycho social risk. The ways in which advantages and disadvantages combine over the life course influence both how long each individual may spend in good health, and also what form of illness they may acquire. In conclusion, there are many inequalities in health and all the findings from The Black Report in 1980 are still around today, which was shown in The Acheson Report. The table below shows the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for ten equal-sized geographical areas in terms of population (or deciles). SMRs which are greater than 100 indicate higher chances of mortality, all relative to the national average. The table demonstrates a continuing polarisation in mortality rates. People living in the best areas have an improving life expectancy, whilst those in the worst areas face a decline, to such an extent that by 1998, those in the worst areas were twice as likely to die by the age of 65 as those in the best areasgraph showing Standardised mortality ratios for deaths under 65 in Britain by deciles of population, 1950-1998 graph showing Health inequalities in infant mortality (by social class for sole registrations)