Racial Profiling And Racial Discrimination - 1822 Words

Some people wonder what is racial profiling. Racial profiling deals with miss-education, slavery, and incarceration. Since the beginning of slavery African Americans have suffered due to their identity. Racial profiling deals with selecting a person for their complaint of a specific racial group. The main reason in advocating racial profiling in the background of criminal study can enlarge the possibility of arresting criminals. Paul Bou-Habib stated, â€Å"If the rate at which members of a specific racial group commits a crime is higher than that of other criminals will be caught if the police concentrate their efforts on investigating members of the racial group in question?† (2011, p.34). It is injustice, when police officers, political officials, and judges have learned how to automatically have a racist attitude towards blacks. For example, my friend was in McDonald’s parking lot and he was in the process of switching seats with his friend because he was exhausted of driving. While leaving the parking lot, the officer had pulled them over because he seen a black guy get out of his car and thought something seemed suspicious. The officer implied that my friend did not use his right turning signal. The term â€Å"driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause† (Weatherspoon, 2004). Currently, education has been a system of miss-education. I believe that children are pushed out of highShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And Racial Profiling1524 Words   |  7 Pages In our society today, racial discrimination and inequality continues to be an issue. Regardless of the advancements we make in our society in terms of race, discrimination is something that can not simply be erased. The conflict with discrimination is evident when we look at the issue of racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the treatment of an individual based on their race or ethnicity (Statistics of Racial Profiling 1). It is often a tool being used by law enforcement when deciding toRead MoreRacial Profiling, Discrimination, And Discrimination3120 Words   |  13 Pagesminority discrimination are long over, the reality is different. The law does protect minorities from overt instances of discrimination, but the society nonetheless maintains a double standard in terms of how minorities are generally treated and perceived. In plain terms, and despite how the population of the nation has become so diverse, bias continues to exist and blacks, Asians, Latin Americans, gays, and other minority groups face prejudice and marginalization. As an example, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling and Racial Discrimination Should be Illegal1369 Words   |  6 Pagespoll by ABC News, 74% of African Americans polled have experienced racial discrimination. On the other hand, only 30% of whites have experienced racial discrimination (ABC). Empirical evidence confirms the existence of racial profiling on American roadways. At the national level, the U.S. Department of Labors Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that in 2005, â€Å"police actions taken during a traffic stop were not uniform across racial and ethnic categories. Black drivers (4.5%) were twice as likelyRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Special Case Of Discrimination800 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling According to a report conducted by Prejudice Institute (2001), â€Å"Racial Profiling,† racial profiling is a special case of discrimination. The concern with profiling began, and is primarily, focused, on police stopping motorists and searching their vehicles because of the driver s ethnicity. This is where the term â€Å"Driving while Black† came to light in 1989. Such actual unconventional policies exist in many police departments. Uncovering it often depends on the testimony of the officerRead MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesand racial relations have been a historic battle in our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice rise between racial groupsRead MoreWindy City Racial Profiling Is An Act Of Discrimination Essay2459 Words   |  10 PagesWINDY CITY RACIAL PROFILING 1 Windy City Racial Profiling Edin Hodzic Loyola University Chicago Introduction Racial profiling is an act of discrimination committed by law enforcement officials in which they target certain individuals with the suspicion of a crime due to their race, religion, and culture. In racial profiling, individuals are suspected of committing a crime solely because of their appearance, which is associated to stereotypes of their people committing crimesRead MoreRacial Profiling And Discrimination By Claudia Rankine s Citizen : An American Lyric Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling and discrimination is an underlining theme in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. The author uses everyday encounters to expose the harsh reality African American people live. Rankine’s perspective on racism is applicable to years dating from 1860 and to present day occurrences. Discrimination against African Americans is a continuing problem. Although slavery does not exist today, African Americans continually grieve the agony their ancestors faced throug hout the CivilRead MoreRacism : Racism Or Racial Profiling923 Words   |  4 Pagesaddress the impact of racism to individuals and our community, and also further will discuss the nature of racism. Racism or racial profiling is like a cancer that is growing deep in our society. It is more like it’s been passed on from generation to generation, and nothing absolutely has been done about it. Sometimes I do ask myself this question if racism or racial profiling can ever be completely wiped out from the face of the planet earth? Due to what I have observed from the media and friendsRead MoreHow Racial Profiling Led to the Death of Trayvon Martin821 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling As I walk to the store to pick up snacks for the next half of the super bowl, I am trying to make it quick. I finally arrive at the store and quickly get my two favorite items, skittles and an ice tea. Thinking to myself that this is all I need, not knowing that it would be my last meal. On the walk back home, I have a feeling that I am being followed. I speed up. I turn around to find that a grown Hispanic man, mid-age, and heavily built is in fact, following me. In my head,Read MoreIs Racial Profiling Justified?642 Words   |  3 PagesAn argument if racial profiling is justified Would you put your brother, sister mother or any other family in jail if the fit the profile of a perpetrator who committed a crime and is profiled by race or ethnicity? This same question roams around the psyche of every person on who need to solve a crime. But the bigger question in regard for racial profiling if it is justified. Racial profiling cannot be justified as it attacks the very root of society on which they are built. Two key issues central

The Influence of the Media on Antisocial Behavior Essay

The Influence of the Media on Antisocial Behavior There are many studies and examples to indicate that the amount of violence children witness on television or see through other forms of media are reflected in their own levels of aggression and violence. Studies into this include Bandura’s Bobo Doll study, Parke’s and Leynes’ studies into teenage aggression, Black and Bevan’s study into violence and the cinema and the St. Helena study. These studies had varying results but on the whole they support the theory that prolonged viewing of violence in the media equates to increased violence and aggression in real life. Bandura conducted a laboratory experiment to see whether aggressive acts by†¦show more content†¦The results achieved may also be due to demand characteristics and the ethics of the study are also in question. Should experimenters really encourage acts of violence in children? Field experiments have far higher ecological validity than laboratory ones but there is poor control over extraneous variables as it is in a natural setting and it can only measure short term effects. Parke et al investigated boys in an institution where the amount of television and the type of television could be controlled. The juvenile offenders were shown films that either did or did not contain violence. Observers then coded the amount of violence demonstrated by the two sets of boys during that day. It was found that those who had watched the violent films were more likely to demonstrate violent behaviour. In a second part of the experiment the boys gave fake electric shocks to someone who had provoked them. The boys who had seen the violent films were found to be more likely to give more shocks. Whilst this study clearly demonstrates a correlation between media and actual violence the sample was most certainly not representative. The sample consisted of only boys and, as th ey were already offenders, they simply could be more inclined towards violence in the first place. An example of a naturalistic experiment into media affects of violence is the St. Helena study. Satellite televisionShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Conduct Disorders961 Words   |  4 Pagesknown causes of the disorder include: Genetic Influences, Prenatal Factors and Birth Complications, Neurobiological Factors, Social–Cognitive Factors, Family Factors, Societal Factors, and Cultural Factors. (Mash, 2015) Genetic links to CD have been found in twin studies, where 50% of antisocial behavior derives from heredity origin. Externalizing behavior such as in CD are likely passed genetically from parents. The genetic risk for antisocial behavior is significant in multiple ways. (Mash, 2015)Read More`` Girl Interrupted `` : A Of A Woman Named Susanna Kaysen1293 Words   |  6 Pagespersonality is known today as Antisocial Personality Disorder (Antisocial PD) which is consider a cluster B personality on the DSM-5 (Barlow Durrand, 2015). One must wonder, how can a personality be as unsettling as Lisa’s, why has she become this person, and did this movie represent her character or was it misleading? Psychopathy was the first personality disorder to be recognized in psychiatry and has been modified several times (Ogloff, 2006). Maybe, Antisocial Personality Disorder soundsRead MoreAddiction of Social Media1098 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Truth. The very first electronic mail was sent in 1971 but in just over 40 years, social media has become a global phenomenon. Social media are websites or applications that allow people to share their ideas, thoughts and feelings through mediums like photos, music and videos. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Ask.fm are just a few examples of such platforms. Social media has made the world a smaller place with just a click of a few buttons. One could literallyRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing debate of Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest philosophical issues. The nature theory argues that all genes, and hereditary factors, influences an individual in terms of their physical appearance to their personality characteristics (Cherry, 2017). Conversely, the nurture theory argues that all environmental variables impact who individuals are, including early childhood experiences, how individuals were raised, social relationships, and surrounding culture (Cherry, 2017). HoweverRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discussed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescentsRead MoreGenetic Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavior Essay693 Words   |  3 PagesGenetic Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavior Ty A. Ridenour What exactly causes anti-social behavior in individuals, and how can it be prevented are questions proposed in Ty A. Ridenour‘s Genetic Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavior. Ridenours contention is that biological factors and genes play a role in the development of anti-social criminal behavior in individuals. Familial aggregation which Ridenour explains is the tendency for criminal and antisocial behavior to run in families, isRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesserves as the basis for all human interaction, and in this case, cyberbullying. With the explosion of social media and internet related activities, there has been a sudden increase in cyberbullying cases. Over the years, cyberbullying—which has often been linked â€Å"to harassing text messages, rumors spread online or through social media websites, and derogatory comments about someone on social media sites† (Stockdale, Coyne, Nelson, Erickson, 2015)--has gr own tremendously, accounting for nearly â€Å"42%Read MoreYouth Crime And Domestic Violence Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescence which leads to criminalistics behaviour (Fagan, 2005). The paper shall discuss the effects of physical abuse on the criminal behaviour of high school teenagers in New Zealand. Domestic violence refers to the aggressive or the violent behaviors which happen within the intimate relationships and occur in domestic setting. Domestic violence entails sexual, physical, psychological and emotional abuse. According to the data from the Child Protection services, approximately fifteen percentRead MoreThe Social Learning And Behavioral Theory1617 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review (2009) The purpose of this study was to understand the correlation between children exposed to violence and antisocial behaviors in adolescence. In order to get a substantial size and due to the limited number of quality studies done of the subject, 18 studies from 1980-2007 focusing on children, who were before the age of 12, antisocial behavior and their violence exposure, found through computer searchesRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Mental Health And Overall Quality Of Life1707 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media usage by adolescents must be limited in order to improve mental health and overall quality of life. Adolescent social media activity continues to grow, creating technology dependence in younger generations. Technology remains in its prime throughout the twenty first century with advancements in internet and smartphone capabilities. As technology becomes more accessible to younger generations, minors continue to spend more of their day trapped in a cyber universe and disconnected from

Spiral of Silence Free Essays

Name: Edmund Marcio Lugao Diploma in Mass Communication Subject: Communication Theory Introduction: I do not like V-neck but I am a Gay and what say you? I do not use handbags similar to those used by women and what say you? â€Å"Gay men have muscular bodies and like to show off by wearing V-neck and sleeveless clothes. They prefer tight and light coloured clothing. They like to carry big handbags similar to those used by women and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiral of Silence or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a seminar in Penang on Sunday, Sep 16, 2012, Deputy Education Minister Mohd Puad Zarkashi said not many people understood or knew the early â€Å"symptoms† of homosexuality, bisexuality and transgender inclinations to prevent its spread. The Malaysian Government Education Minister has endorsed a list of the identifiable gay and lesbian guideline for the schools and parents to prevent the spread of what it perceives as a phenomenon among teenagers, especially students. In that seminar, the majority of the audience are teachers. In that situation, are them practicing the Spiral of Silence? Content: We will always choose to remain silence if someone evaluate their views fall in the minority. According to Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (1916 – 2010) (Appendix I) â€Å"Spiral of Silence† been introduced as an attempt to explain in part how public opinion is formed. She wondered why the Germans supported wrong political positions that led to national defeat, humiliation and ruin in the 1930s-1940s. The description of Spiral of Silence is audience will be unwilling to publicly express their opinion if they believe they are in the minority. They will also be more vocal if they believe they are a part of the majority. Thus, the more marginalized you become, the less you speak and so spiral into a fully marginal position. This works because we fear social rejection. and that when a person appears to be rejected, others will back away from them, fearing being rejected because they associate with the rejected person. It also makes marginalization a powerful way of eliminating political and social competition. Public opinion is the â€Å"attitudes or behaviors one must express in public if one is not to isolate oneself, in areas of controversy or change; public opinions are those attitudes one can express without running the danger of isolating oneself. According to Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, one view dominated the public scene and others disappeared from the public awareness as it adherents became silent. In other words, the people fear of separation or isolation those around them, they tend to keep their attitudes to themselves when they think they are in the minority. (Appendix II) Example, in a co mpany, the managing director decides to increase their working hour from 8am to 10pm and send e-mail to all employees. Majority of them accept this time changes and few employees are not satisfied with his decision but they cannot or ready to express their through publicly. That might have few possibility which are â€Å"Fear of isolation† like transfer. They may feel unsupported by the other employees, â€Å"Fear of Rejection† By rejecting their personal opinion from the public will help to avoid fight or they may try to save their job by suppressing or avoid personal statement in public. Spiral of silence theory describe as a dynamic process. The prediction about public opinion in mass media which gives more coverage for the majorities in the society and gives very less coverage for minorities. In this reality world, this social environment, people have fear of rejection to express their opinion or views and they known well what behaviors will make a better likelihood. We called this as â€Å"fear of Isolation†. Example, When Barack Obama’s (Obama) pastor of twenty years, Rev. Jeremiah Wright conducted radical sermons that caused much public outrage, Obama had no choice but to concur with the public. It can be said that Obama was caught in the spiral of silence where if he had supported his pastor’s comments in any way, he would have had a very hard time winning the elections. Obama can be said to be in the minority and at the bottom of the spiral while the public, with their opinions against the pastor, as being at the top of the spiral. Hence, Obama had to give a speech, where he had to declare in public that he was not in agreement with his pastor’s comments, failing which he may not have a chance of winning the elections. Being the part of minority, people will concern they loss their confidence and silent or mute to express their views because of the fear of isolation or they feel alone or unsupported. Sometimes the minorities withdraw their expressed opinion from public debates to secure themselves from the majority. The maximum numbers get more vocal space in the society and lesser number become less vocal space or become silent. In another example, this is a well known fact that gun control is a prevailing issue in United State. However, those politicians rarely touch on this topic during the elections. Especially senator John McCain. Senator McCain has a strong support from the National Rifle Association (NRA) and speaking for gun control will only result in him losing a very critical support for the elections. On the other hand, while it seems as though the general public are divided by being for and against gun control, the other politicians too avoid bringing up the issue of gun control for fear of rejection by the public, just in case the future trend becomes such that most people’s opinions are opposite the politicians’. Hence, once again, the politicians are caught up in the spiral of silence where they have to succumb to present or future trend of public opinion to win the elections. Neumann mentioned that the suppression of the minority’s opinions in the spiral of science is caused by media. Because of the influential nature of media (Agenda-setting theory), the media tends to set the agenda as to what the public’s opinion on an issue is, although it may not be correct. Hence, Neumann describes a condition called â€Å"pluralistic ignorance,† where people have a wrong idea of what the public’s opinion really is. She believes that the television in particular, is one media whose power of influence on public opinion, should not to be underestimated. In an attempt to describe the extent of the power of television, Neumann claims that she has never found a spiral of silence that went against the tenor of that media. In concurring with Stuart Hall’s pessimistic evaluation of the media’s intrusive role in democratic decision making, she suggests, that media in general and the television in particular, is the authority in giving people a sense of what the public opinion on an issue is. Hence, people can tell when they are not in the same opinion with the general public through information received from the media and so those people will tend not to voice out their opinions. Neumann claims that just because those people keep silent, it does not mean that they will change their opinions to suit the public. The German Public Opinion Research Center developed a â€Å"train/plane test† that determines whether people are willing to voice out their opinions. It found, very importantly, that those favoring the majority tend to willingly express their views, whereas those in the opposite court do not. Also, it found that the willingness to speak out depends on whether the future trend will be in harmony with their current views. As such, people feel safe to talk to those who share their same views than those who do not. The test also revealed that low selfesteem will cause one not to talk about his opinions and also, males, young adults and people from middle and upper classes find it easier to speak out. Lastly, the test identified that existing law encourages people to express their opinions when they feel they are in the minority. Conclusion: Ending Spiral of Silence theory has both micro level and macro level explanatory process. It works well during the public campaign, Senate and Parliament. Spiral of silence theory will also helps to raise question about considering the role and responsibility of media in the society. This theory will not considering the other explanation of silencing. In some cases the person may feel the majority’s ideas or opinion is much better than his own view and it overly negative view of media influence the average people too. edmund’s word October ©2012 References: 1) The Spiral of Silence Theory. Communication Theory (http://communicationtheory. org/the-spiral-of-silence-theory/) 2) The Graduand Google Blog. Spot ( ©2008) http://thegraduand. blogspot. com/2008/04/spiral-of-silence-theory-elisabeth. html) 3) Spiral of Silence Theory. Changing Minds. org ( ©2012) (http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/spirals_silence. htm) 4) Noelle-Neumann, E. ( ©1984). The Spiral of Silence. University of Chicago, Chicago (http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/spirals_silence. htm) 5) Noelle-Neumann, E. ( ©1984). A First Look at Communication Theory – Spiral of Silence 7th Edition. University of Chicago, Chicago. page 372 – 381 (http://www. afirstlook. com/docs/spiral. pdf) How to cite Spiral of Silence, Essay examples

Structural analysis design of tall building - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss abou the Structural analysis design of the tall building. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the case study for the development of an information system in the Mercy Hospital. The system is for the automation of the pharmacy system in the hospital. The system has been named as Mercy Hospital Pharmacy system. This assignment is based on the system development of the project that had been proposed in the previous assignment. This report is the documentation of the finding that has been found from the collection of the different details about the system implementation. The report also consists of the working procedure of the Mercy Hospital Pharmacy system. The diagram presented is used for the proposing of the systems requirements as well as the process that the system would be able to perform. The process of system analysis and investigation is important for the understanding of the process to follow for the development of a system requested by the company. There are several process which can be followed for the process of investigation of a system and prepare a detailed report. The methods that has been used for the development of this system are as follows: Interview: The process of interview helps in the collection of information from the users who would be directly related to the working of the system when complete. The process is to talk face to face to the person who would be using the system and analyzing the result. The information collected is in the raw form. Document analysis: this process is the study of the system that is currently being followed by the company for the completion of the task, which is to be automated into a system. The analyst studies the system closely analyzing and recording the process that is being followed by the employees. At the end, the analyst studies the system and designs a system for the company. This process helps in the understanding of the process that is to be followed by the designer of the system. Questionnaire: this method of investigative analysis helps in the collection of crude data, which cannot be directly used without the use of proper analysis. The data is studied by the analyst and cleared out of the anomalies of the data that has been collected from the study group. The data helps in the understanding of the scenario, which is there in the company without much effort. Task 2A Figure 1: Use case diagram (Source: Created By Author) The use case diagram created for the case study shows the different users of the system who are going to use it. There are currently five users of the system: Doctors Nurses Pharmacy technician Pharmacy station Billing The complete system has been configured so that the system of drug acquisition can be easily completed and the relevant data stored in the system. The main cases that are there in the system are: Login Prescription Drugs Label Bottle the medicine Bill These has been considered the most important cases that are required for the proper functioning of the system. All users of the system would be able to login to the system and use the system as per their requirement. The system has been designed as per the case study. Task 2B Figure 2: Domain Class Model (Source: Created By Author) The domain class model shows the form of data that is to be stored in the database as per the system that is to be designed for the hospital. The designing of the database shows the data to be stored in seven tables which are as follows: Doctor Nurses Pharmacist Patient Prescription Drugs Bill Label The details that are to be stored in the entities can be classified as follows: Doctor (doctorID, name, address, phoneNo, specialty) Nurses (nurseID, name, address, phoneNo, specialty) Pharmacist (pharmID, name, address, phoneNo, type) Patient (patientID, name, address, phoneNo, doctorID) Prescription (presID, patientID, doctorID, drugList) Drugs (drugID, drugName, drugType) Bill (billID, patientID, drugType, drugAmount, cost) Label (labelID, patientID, drugType, dosage, expiryDate, instruction, billID). The connection in the diagram shows the information that is to be shared among the tables so that the information can stay constant in the system that has been created for the hospital. Task 2C The activity diagram is based on a specific scenario from the case study. The scenario presented for the activity diagram is such that the doctor is writing a prescription for the patient and sending it to the pharmacy. The pharmacy technician reviews the prescription and forwards it to the appropriate station in the pharmacy for the bottling of the medicine. The medicine after bottling is again reviewed by the technician at the pharmacy. It is then sent for the labeling of the bottle. After the bottle has been labeled it is sent to the billing department and then finally to the patient. The complete activity has been depicted in the diagram as per the case study and the scenario provided. Task 2D Figure 4: Sequence diagram (Source: Created By Author) The system sequence diagram is used for the showing the flow of the work in the system so that the work may be completed in the least amount of time. The scenario presented for this diagram is the writing of a prescription by the doctor and sending it to the pharmacy. The diagram shows the process that is followed by the system as per the case study that has been provided for the report. Conclusions Based on the above report is can be concluded that the Mercy Hospital Pharmacy system can be easily implemented in to the hospital with some minor changes to the present situation in the hospital. The diagrams shared in the report helps in the identification and the analysis of the process to follow for the development of the proposed system for the hospital. The detailed report would help the reader to assess the prospect required for the development of the system as well as the completion of the system as per the requirement of the hospital. Bibliography Antoniou, A., 2016.Digital signal processing. McGraw-Hill. Azar, A.T. and Vaidyanathan, S. eds., 2015.Chaos modeling and control systems design. Germany: Springer. Chitchyan, R., Rashid, A., Sawyer, P., Garcia, A., Alarcon, M.P., Bakker, J., Tekinerdogan, B., Clarke, S. and Jackson, A., 2015. Survey of aspect-oriented analysis and design approaches. Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. and Tegarden, D., 2015.Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Hendrick, H.W. and Kleiner, B. eds., 2016.Macroergonomics: theory, methods, and applications. CRC Press. Krishnan, R., 2017.Switched reluctance motor drives: modeling, simulation, analysis, design, and applications. CRC press. Moon, S., Kim, B.C., Cho, S.Y., Ahn, C.H. and Moon, G.W., 2014. Analysis and design of a wireless power transfer system with an intermediate coil for high efficiency.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,61(11), pp.5861-5870. Taranath, B.S., 2016.Structural analysis and design of tall buildings: Steel and composite construction. CRC press. Valacich, J., George, J. and Hoffer, J., 2014. Essentials of systems analysis and design. Prentice Hall Press. Wasson, C.S., 2015.System engineering analysis, design, and development: Concepts, principles, and practices. John Wiley Sons.

The Universe in a Nutshell Review Essay Example

The Universe in a Nutshell Review Paper Essay on The Universe in a Nutshell By the way, the scientific methodology in Herm is not on top, not at the level as it the theoretical concepts that would have been possible if it was a little deeper theoretical and not simply popularized. Here is a fragment of an interview with another theorist:. In fact, there is an objective coincidence, there is an objective probability So, the collapse of determinism, then chaos, nothing, etc. But in reality, what about matter is that the need for a pure form.? exists, but only in the form of accident Why the need for random display of a coincidence is a manifestation of the need The need is only possible chance and therefore random, and there is some necessary prerequisite -.? well, yes, but specific expressed . I do not predestined We come, that there is a relative predestined in the same quantum mechanics -. On the one hand, the same people said that there is no pattern, on the other hand -. Strict laws there are such laws ie which allow to anticipate?.. because there is pred estined. But what? not srl, a relative, a probability. So dialectic and shows how to combine. I read an article recently very major theoretician, who is deaf, mute, one finger writes there, I forgot how to it well, there a very major theoretician, he was head of the department, which is in charge of the Newton. Many of his books today from afar, and now he lectures, whether permanently predetermined felts so, do not, it can not in any way. But in general, it seems predestined. And yet he does not see how it could be accidental necessary.

A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley

A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley Introduction In the modern history source book, Thomas Macauley talks about the reign of Thomas Cromwell’s during his tenure as a commissioner of the army. Macauley’s presentation is in the form of an essay in which he argues and analyses historical events that transpired when Cromwell was in power. This review circulates around the arguments and evaluates the quality of Macauley’s writing with a keen focus on the weaknesses of the story (Macauley. 1880).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary This section is made up of Macauley’s narration on how Cromwell established and controlled his army. Macauley starts his story by stating the kind of parliaments in existence. He further describes the kind of men who are in power and the diverse moral grounds on which they base their leadership. He says that those men were in an independent religion. Macauley further describes Oliver Cromwell’s achievements. He says that Cromwell was more than forty years old when he agreed to become one of the commissioners in the parliamentary army. Cromwell is the center of attention when his party becomes powerful. This is depicted when he noticed the weaknesses and strengths of royalists and came up with strategies to counter them. He redesigned his army and recruited God fearing members for public liberty. The writer says that Cromwell’s ability came to surface in the year 1644 in Essex’s southern region where he became a victor. He managed to head an entire army and dismissed Essex from power. Moreover, Macauley terms Cromwell’s army as a different breed from Essex soldiers. Macauley further narrates that soldiers who are supposed to form army parliaments should be at liberty to make resolutions for the states. Thus, becoming the most fearful and worst force in the re gion. â€Å"Cromwell’s army had some level of morality and God’s fear that encompassed all the ranks,† says the writer. He continues to say that there were no visible oaths, neither drinking of alcohol, adultery nor gambling in their camps. The only observed weakness in Cromwell’s leadership was the act of restraining his army from invading pulpits owned by ministers in cathedrals. Evaluation This part is made up of an evaluation of the writer’s story. Macauley narrates about ancient leadership in Europe that revolves around Cromwell Oliver. He describes all the events that led to Cromwell’s rise and his entire reign. Moreover, the writer points out the most crucial activities that took place in during Cromwell’s leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Macauley is biased in his story. It is obvious that any legend that happe ned to lead a people must have a fall. Cromwell’s success dominates the story as the writer does not state how his reign came to an end. In addition, there are many leaders in the story other than Cromwell, but there is no point where the writer states how these leaders challenged Cromwell in wars. He only explains how Cromwell defeated them (Macauley. 1880). Finally, Macauley is too verbose and technical in writing. This makes it difficult for an average reader to comprehend. For instance, he states, â€Å"The ecclesiastical polity of the kingdom was remodeled† (p.90). This statement has a technical term thus it makes it hard for an average reader to understand it. Such readers might get frustrated when trying to find the authors meaning. These are some of Macauley’s weaknesses. In conclusion, the review has evaluated the Modern History Source book by Thomas Macauley. The writer does a wonderful writing work that illustrates the ancient political events in Crom well’s leadership. However, his narration is filled with biasness and the use of technical terms that are not easily understandable (Macauley. 1880). Bibliography Macauley, Thomas B. â€Å"History of England† Accession of King James II (1880):90-95.

Advertising and Marketing Research

[2] Market Research is the key factor to get advantage over competitors. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze the market need, market size and competition. Market research,as defined by the ICC/ESOMAR International Code on Market and Social Research, includes social and opinion research, [and] is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organizations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision making. [3] Market Research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about a particular target market, competition, and/or environment. It always incorporates some form of data collection whether it be secondary research (often referred to as desk research) or primary research which is collected direct from a respondent. The purpose of any market research project is to achieve an increased understanding of the subject matter. With markets throughout the world becoming increasingly more competitive, market research is now on the agenda of many organisations, whether they be large or small. The Market Research Process To conduct market research, organisations may decide to undertake the project themselves (some through a marketing research department) or they might choose to commission it via a market research agency or consultancy. Whichever, before undertaking any research project, it is crucial to define the research objectives i. e. what are you trying to achieve from the research? and what do you need to know? After considering the objectives, Market Researchers can utilise many types of research techniques and methodologies to capture the data that they require. All of the available methodologies either collect quantitative or qualitative information. The use of each very much depends on the research objectives but many believe that results are most useful when the two methods are combined. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is numerically oriented, requires significant attention to the measurement of market phenomena and often involves statistical analysis. For example, a bank might ask its customers to rate its overall service as either excellent, good, poor or very poor. This will provide quantitative information that can be analysed statistically. The main rule with quantitative research is that every respondent is asked the same series of questions. The approach is very structured and normally involves large numbers of interviews/questionnaires. Perhaps the most common quantitative technique is the ‘market research survey’. These are basically projects that involve the collection of data from multiple cases – such as consumers or a set of products. Quantitative surveys can be conducted by using post (self-completion), face-to-face (in-street or in-home), telephone, email or web techniques. The questionnaire is one of the more common tools for collecting data from a survey, but it is only one of a wide ranging set of data collection aids. Qualitative Research Qualitative research provides an understanding of how or why things are as they are. For example, a Market Researcher may stop a consumer who has purchased a particular type of bread and ask him or her why that type of bread was chosen. Unlike quantitative research there are no fixed set of questions but, instead, a topic guide (or discussion guide) is used to explore various issues in-depth. The discussion between the interviewer (or moderator) and the respondent is largely determined by the respondents’ own thoughts and feelings. As with quantitative techniques, there are also various types of qualitative methodologies. Research of this sort is mostly done face-to-face. One of the best-known techniques is market research group discussions (or focus groups). These are usually made up of 6 to 8 targeted respondents, a research moderator whose role is to ask the required questions, draw out answers, and encourage discussion, and an observation area usually behind one way mirrors, and video and/or audio taping facilities. In addition, qualitative research can also be conducted on a ‘one on one’ basis i. e. an in-depth interview with a trained executive interviewer and one respondent, a paired depth (two respondents), a triad (three respondents) and a mini group discussion (4-5 respondents). Advertising and Marketing Research [2] Market Research is the key factor to get advantage over competitors. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze the market need, market size and competition. Market research,as defined by the ICC/ESOMAR International Code on Market and Social Research, includes social and opinion research, [and] is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organizations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision making. [3] Market Research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about a particular target market, competition, and/or environment. It always incorporates some form of data collection whether it be secondary research (often referred to as desk research) or primary research which is collected direct from a respondent. The purpose of any market research project is to achieve an increased understanding of the subject matter. With markets throughout the world becoming increasingly more competitive, market research is now on the agenda of many organisations, whether they be large or small. The Market Research Process To conduct market research, organisations may decide to undertake the project themselves (some through a marketing research department) or they might choose to commission it via a market research agency or consultancy. Whichever, before undertaking any research project, it is crucial to define the research objectives i. e. what are you trying to achieve from the research? and what do you need to know? After considering the objectives, Market Researchers can utilise many types of research techniques and methodologies to capture the data that they require. All of the available methodologies either collect quantitative or qualitative information. The use of each very much depends on the research objectives but many believe that results are most useful when the two methods are combined. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is numerically oriented, requires significant attention to the measurement of market phenomena and often involves statistical analysis. For example, a bank might ask its customers to rate its overall service as either excellent, good, poor or very poor. This will provide quantitative information that can be analysed statistically. The main rule with quantitative research is that every respondent is asked the same series of questions. The approach is very structured and normally involves large numbers of interviews/questionnaires. Perhaps the most common quantitative technique is the ‘market research survey’. These are basically projects that involve the collection of data from multiple cases – such as consumers or a set of products. Quantitative surveys can be conducted by using post (self-completion), face-to-face (in-street or in-home), telephone, email or web techniques. The questionnaire is one of the more common tools for collecting data from a survey, but it is only one of a wide ranging set of data collection aids. Qualitative Research Qualitative research provides an understanding of how or why things are as they are. For example, a Market Researcher may stop a consumer who has purchased a particular type of bread and ask him or her why that type of bread was chosen. Unlike quantitative research there are no fixed set of questions but, instead, a topic guide (or discussion guide) is used to explore various issues in-depth. The discussion between the interviewer (or moderator) and the respondent is largely determined by the respondents’ own thoughts and feelings. As with quantitative techniques, there are also various types of qualitative methodologies. Research of this sort is mostly done face-to-face. One of the best-known techniques is market research group discussions (or focus groups). These are usually made up of 6 to 8 targeted respondents, a research moderator whose role is to ask the required questions, draw out answers, and encourage discussion, and an observation area usually behind one way mirrors, and video and/or audio taping facilities. In addition, qualitative research can also be conducted on a ‘one on one’ basis i. e. an in-depth interview with a trained executive interviewer and one respondent, a paired depth (two respondents), a triad (three respondents) and a mini group discussion (4-5 respondents).

Knowledge Encounters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Encounters - Essay Example Majority of scholars working on post-colonial effects in diverse fields like history, literature, geography, anthropology, and other sources of knowledge have led to complications when comprehending encounters and their socio-politics as a moment of hegemonic and totalizing dominance of culture and knowledge production. Rather, they make it out to be more variable, difficult, and nuanced moment, as well as space, of encounter as Kant would put it (Durkheim & Fields 10). However, according to Cruikshank, the encounter and its aftermath is about how our relations are structured and how man constructs knowledge about his physical surroundings. After European accounts following their encounters with landscapes supersede the accounts of the natives, travel and scientific discourses took up, position as the fundamental means through which northwestern geography could be understood (Cruikshank 88). For the people who were indigenous to the St. Elias Mountains, the glaciers were considered t o be permanent boundaries that separated the static landscape from the humans. In their case, they were moving structures that they endowed with the sense of hearing, taste, and smelling. However, the native accounts should not be valued as historically fixed or as the truth that needs to be examined and discovered by scholars or explorers (Cruikshank 89). Rather, the native accounts about sentient glaciers show the fact that nature and man mutually make, as well as maintain, knowledge of a world that is habitable. Cruikshank is careful in asserting that glaciers must not be reduced to metaphors or scientific data (Cruikshank 108). Glaciers in their forcefulness, unpredictability, complexity, and changeability give a model for cultural history and knowledge production. The author makes her argument in a way that pays careful attention to representative politics, which is made difficult by the fact that she is using oral testimony in her work, while also discussing the representative difficulties of nature. She discusses in her book the account, in glaciers given by the natives, an examination of accounts by western explorers, and the US. In addition, she discusses a critical look at the nature of the glacier as part of the border between Canada and the US, and mapping’s role in the context of nationalism (Cruikshank 115). By giving a history of the Alaskan Gulf region and juxtaposing it with historical accounts from Europe about their ice age and histories from Tlingit, the glaciers became social spaces where people produce knowledge, rather than discover it. Oral accounts also allow the ability to examine the relationship between culture and nature, as well as how knowledge was constructed according to their cultures. Glaciers as used by Cruikshank aid in the examination of how glaciers are depicted and how social and natural knowledge is entangled. In the latter Ice Age period, social upheaval and geophysical changes in the mountains coincided (Cruiks hank 120). The visitors from Europe came with conceptions about nature as a spiritual and sublime resource for the progress of man. To them, glaciers were inanimate features that needed to be measured and

Love vs. Lust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Love vs. Lust - Essay Example It takes the relationship to the next level and is provides relief to the soul. When a person is in love with someone he or she wants to share their feelings, thoughts and secrets with the other person; thus bringing them closer to one another. Love is a sort of commitment one has with another person, and it provides assurance that the people in love will support each other at all times and will face all conflicts together, instead of just giving up. (What is Love 2012) Love is something which cannot be bought or sold, and is totally independent. You cannot force a person to love you; neither can you force yourself to love another person. Love is spontaneous. It just happens, and we have no control over it. One cannot just stop loving a person, because once he or she is in love, it becomes almost impossible to let go. A person in love is ready to take risks for his or her loved one, and this is one of the finest qualities of love. A mother would risk everything for her child, because she loves her child. When a child is born, a mother lets go of all her enjoyment and other worldly things, in order to tend to her child and take care of the child. Love cannot be used as a bait to lure someone, nor can it be given as a reward. (Love Without Limits, 2012) When there is love between two people, there is a sense of security between them. They know that the other person will protect them and tend to their every need. They are even ready to make all sorts of sacrifices for each other. It is a complete sense of devotion to a person or persons, no matter what comes in their way. Besides, love cannot be measured neither can you measure the time period for which two people love each other. It can be months, years or you can spend your entire life loving someone. It can start or end in a flick. The decision to love someone doesn’t depend on your desires or hormones. (Love vs Lust 2012) Lust, on the other hand, is a short lived feeling of intense sexual desire for som eone. It is completely different from love. Like, a mother loves her child, while a person, on seeing someone attractive, can develop a feeling of lust towards him or her. It is basically being concerned that what the other person can provide us with and fulfills our desires. It is an intense feeling of pleasure and craving for self-satisfaction, which mostly means sexual intercourse. The concentration is mostly on fulfilling one’s desires. It can either be done by giving money or happens when a person sees someone he or she finds attractive. It is generally a feeling of arousal one senses when he or she spot someone appealing. So lust depends on looks and body of a person. One night stands, are also a sign of lust, in which two people engage in sexual intercourse, and leave in the morning without making plans of seeing each other again or having any sort of deep conversation. No real feelings are discussed and it is purely a physically intimate moment. (Lust vs Love: Do You Know the Difference?, 2012) Lust is also regarded as sort of a dangerous feeling, because it is very intense and a person wants to physically bond with the person he or she is attracted to. Lust can hinder with your thinking capability. It does not let one think straight or logically, because strong emotions one is feeling for another person to bond physically. It activates one’s sexual hormones, and the only thing he or she wants to do is to satisfy their sexual needs. This can be very

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Essay Example for Free

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Essay Born in North Carolina in 1808 to impoverished parents, Andrew Johnson had no formal education. He became a tailor’s apprentice at age fourteen. He later moved to Greenville, in eastern Tennessee, where he established a thriving tailor shop and went into local politics. Andrew Johnson was a lifelong Democrat and slave owner who won a place alongside Abraham Lincoln on the 1864 Republican ticket, in order to gain the support of pro-war Democrats. Their election was closer in the popular than in the electoral columns; in the end they pulled off a victory. Lincoln received fifty-five percent of the popular, and ninety-one percent of the electoral votes. Johnson became vice-president. During the time period between the election and Lincoln’s inauguration seven states left the Union. Worried that the election of a Republican would threaten their rights, especially slavery, the lower South seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. By the time Lincoln arrived in Washington, D. C. , for his inauguration the threat of war hung heavy in the air. On March 4th in 1861, the inauguration took place. Lincoln made sure to make no specific threats against the Southern states in his remarks. In his speech he extended an olive branch to the South, but also made it clear that he intended to enforce federal laws in the states that seceded. The second matter was the behavior of Johnson, who is said to have come to the ceremony in a state of intoxication. It was later said, that Johnson was ill and had merely taken and extra strong shot of whiskey; however, his behavior at the inauguration was to plague him for years. At about ten-thirty on April 14th in 1865, Andrew Johnson got the news that changed his life. John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre. His assassination had a long-lasting impact upon the United States. A few hours after Lincolns death, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase swore Johnson in as President of the United States. An ardent admirer of Andrew Jackson, Johnson believed strongly in the former Democratic president’s idea of state rights, that is, a limited national government with the states having the power to handle all matters not specifically designated in the Constitution as federal responsibilities. During political campaigns he portrayed himself as a man of the people. Although Johnson came into the presidency with much political and administrative experience, the task confronting him would require extraordinary talents of leadership that Johnson had yet to exhibit. From the day of his inauguration until December of 1865, the question of Reconstruction was almost totally in the hands of Johnson, because Congress had recessed shortly before he took the oath of office. In those eight months, Johnson rushed to implement his own Reconstruction policies based upon his interpretation of Lincolns program. On May 29th in 1865, Johnson issued two presidential proclamations as part of his reconstruction plan. One was an offer of amnesty to pardon Southerners who had supported the Confederacy. Congress authorized general amnesties like this in 1862, as part of a law that permitted the confiscation of Confederates’ property. The Confiscation Act of 1862 allowed the granting of amnesties to those who were willing to declare loyalty. It also allowed the seizure of property as a punishment for rebellion against the United States. The government throughout the Civil War rarely used confiscation provision of the law, and the amnesty provision. The general amnesty Johnson issued excluded fourteen categories. Members of these excluded classes were able to apply for individual pardons. Johnson’s second proclamation, as a first step in restoring civil government, appointed a provisional governor for the state of North Carolina. It also called for a convention of the state’s loyal citizens to draw up a new state constitution. The North Carolina proclamation and other southern state proclamations; issued later, provided that delegates to a state constitutional convention must take the oath of loyalty given in the amnesty proclamation. Johnson then informed these delegates, that he expected them to draft constitutions for him. These constitutions would recognize the results of their military defeat by rescinding the state secession laws, ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery, and rejecting the Confederate war debts. The president’s proclamations seemed reasonable enough, and some of their provisions were not significantly different from Lincoln’s actions during the war. Northerners supported Johnson’s wise first steps in rebuilding the Union. The Northerners weren’t troubled by the absence of black Southerners voting rights. The Northerners were on Johnson’s side. Johnson’s amnesty proclamation seemed to be working fine, therefore an effective way of preventing Confederate leaders from gaining too much power. However, once the pardons became easier to receive, and not as selective all of this changed. The Northerners were heated with Johnson when the pardoned Confederates began turning up in the new state governments. The anger in Northerners continued to rise when a new state constitution was drafted, along with some new laws passed by Southern state governments. Isobel Morin explains the laws passed in his book, Impeaching the President. Morin states, â€Å"The so-called Black Codes generally guaranteed the right of the former slaves to marry, to sue and be sued, to make contracts, and to acquire property. The codes barred blacks from voting, however, and severely restricted their ability to own land and to testify in court. Moreover, in an effort to compel the former slaves to work, many Black Codes required blacks to enter into labor contracts each year, with severe penalties imposed on them for contract violations. † (Morin 30) The last straw for much of the North was the large number of former Confederate officials elected to Congress in 1865. When Congress came back into session the Republicans were not happy. Various measures, some of which were central to the Reconstruction project, were passed, vetoed, and then passed again over the President’s veto. In total Johnson had more vetoes during his brief period in office, than the president’s before him put together. An adamant struggle for power was shaping up between the executive and legislative branches. The United States Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and made ratification of this amendment a prerequisite for readmission to the Union. Johnson opposed the amendment and urged the states not to ratify it. Edward Sagarin, a writer who studied at the University of New York, wrote a book about trials that changed history. One of these trials is Andrew Johnson’s impeachment. Sagarin explains Johnson’s actions, in response to Congress’s actions. â€Å"The President denounced the Freedmen’s Bureau and vetoed an 1866 act of Congress extending its life. He issued wholesale amnesties and pardons to the men whom he had so recently denounced as traitors, vetoed a District of Columbia black suffrage bill, denounced blacks as too ignorant to cast a ballot, and vetoed a whole series of Reconstruction bills as well as the historic Civil Rights Act of 1866. (Sagarin 75,76) Continuing his attack against Congress, Johnson went on a whistle-stop tour through numerous Northern cities. His severe tones and unrestrained manners during speeches got him thrown off the stand on multiple accounts, Congresses next step was the passing of the extremely controversial Tenure of Office Act, in an attempt to not only humiliate Johnson, but also to reduce his office to one of ineffectiveness so that he could not carry out his program, and would be forced to turn to Congress. Without the Senate’s consent, the president no longer had the power to remove from office those whom he has appointed. Convinced that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, Johnson removed the secretary of war, Edwin, and replaced him with a general named Lorenzo Thomas. When he did this, he acted under a provision of the Tenure of Office Act; however, he was immediately accused with violation of the law. Congressional leaders claimed that he was guilty of a â€Å"high crime and misdemeanor† such as demanded by the Constitution as a qualification for removal. Although Johnson’s arguments were reasonable, and he did a good job defending him self, the Senate was not inclined to take sides with the president. A couple days after Johnson’s dismissal of Edwin, the House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 in favor of the impeachment. The House drafted eleven articles of impeachment. Morin lists and summarizes Johnson’s offenses, â€Å"The first eight articles described specific actions by the president that violated the Tenure of Office Act. The ninth article charged the president with trying to persuade an army officer to violate the 1867 Army Appropriations Act. This article referred to a conversation the president had on February 22, 1868, with Major General William H. Emory, the commander of the Washington military district†¦The tenth article charged that in numerous public speeches the president deliberately tried to set aside the rightful authority and powers of Congress by subjecting it to disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach. It also charged that he unlawfully attempted to prevent the execution of the Tenure of Office Act, the Army Appropriation Act, and the first Reconstruction Act. The eleventh article charged the president with declaring in a public speech that the Thirty-Ninth Congress, as a Congress of only some of the states, had no authority to exercise legislative power. † (Morin 55,56) About a week later, the House elected a committee of managers to conduct the prosecution of the impeachment before the Senate. The manager’s chosen, included two Republicans, John A. Bingham and James F. Wilson, who had voted against impeachment, and two of Johnson’s most outspoken radical opponents, Thaddeus Stevens and Benjamin F. Butler. The impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson opened before the Senate on March 13, 1868. A successful impeachment requires a two-thirds majority, or thirty-six of the fifty-four members seated in the Senate. Many Republicans, believing that the president’s guilt was obvious, expected a quick trial and conviction. Those who hoped for a speedy trial were disappointed. On the first day, Johnsons defense committee asked for forty days to collect evidence and witnesses since the prosecution had had a longer amount of time to do so, but only ten days were granted. The proceedings began on March 23. Senator Garrett Davis argued that because not all states were represented in the Senate the trial could not be held and that it should therefore be adjourned. The motion was voted down. After the charges against the President were made, Henry Stanberry asked for another thirty days to assemble evidence and summon witnesses, saying that in the ten days previously granted there had only been enough time to prepare the Presidents reply. John A. Logan argued that the trial should begin immediately and that Stanberry was only trying to stall for time. The request was turned down in a vote forty-one to twelve. However, the Senate voted the next day to give the defense six more days to prepare evidence, which was accepted. The trial commenced again on March 30th, opening with a three-hour speech by General Ben Butler. After the speech was concluded, the trial began. Johnson was represented by William Maxwell Evarts, leader of the American bar, and Benjamin Curtis, formerly a justice of the Supreme Court. The trial centered on the Tenure of Office Act. The two main questions concerning this law were whether it was constitutional, and whether it protected Stanton. The attorneys argued that the law was unconstitutional and that the President had not violated the letter of the law, because Stanton had been appointed by Lincoln, not Johnson, and that cabinet officers were meant to be advisors to the president, therefore when their services are no longer needed they should not stay in office. Another issue was whether Johnson’s belief that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional relieved him of the duty to see that it was obeyed. His attorneys pointed out that the president’s obligation to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution required him to resist congressional attempts to limit his constitutional powers. The House managers responded that the president was obliged to obey the law regardless of his belief. Otherwise, the president could decide for him-self which laws to enforce and which to ignore. The trial went on for many weeks. The Senate met on May 16th to discuss the verdict. They felt that voting seemed to be their best chance for obtaining a conviction. The vote results were thirty-five to nineteen in favor of conviction; these results were one vote shy of the two-thirds majority needed for impeachment. The final vote maintained the principle that Congress should not remove the President from office simply because its members disagreed with him over policy, style, and administration of office. But it did not mean that the President retained governing power. For the rest of his term, Johnson was a cipher without influence on public policy. For the most part, historians view Andrew Johnson as the worst possible person to have served as President at the end of the American Civil War. Michael Les Benedict states his opinion on the impeachment as â€Å"the most insidious assault on constitutional government in the nation’s history. † Because of his gross incompetence in federal office and his incredible miscalculation of the extent of public support for his policies, Johnson is judged as the greatest failure of all Presidents in making a satisfying and just peace. He is viewed to have been a rigid, dictatorial racist who was unable to compromise or to accept a political reality at odds with his own ideas. Instead of forging a compromise between Radical Republicans and moderates, his actions united the opposition against him. His bullheaded opposition to the Freedmens Bureau Bill, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the Fourteenth Amendment eliminated all hope of using presidential authority to affect further compromises favorable to his position. In the end, Johnson did more to extend the period of national strife than he did to heal the wounds of war. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson, the first of only two Presidents to be impeached in U. S. History involved complicated issues of law, politics, and personalities.

Is Formal Schooling Necessary for Children to Develop Cognitively :: essays papers

Is Formal Schooling Necessary for Children to Develop Cognitively The choices parents have today on how and where to educate their children has expanded compared to many years ago. There is your neighborhood school, a private school, a charter school or another option, which is growing in popularity--home schooling. Studies show many advantages to home schooling. One being that it is not necessary for a child to attend a formal schooling to develop cognitively. The popularity of home schooling under goes much criticism. Some educators say children that are home schooled are receiving gaps in their student learning because parents may not be qualified to provide well-rounded education. Studies show that home schooled children excel in there studies. Developing (cognitively) as good if not better then children in a formal schooling setting. In the 1950's, there were approximately 15,000 persons home schooling. These figures are a "guesstimate" as many people just kept their children at home without reporting to the state. Most people home schooled for religious reasons; some were prosecuted, even jailed. Today every state recognizes the right to school your own children. States set their own regulations and conditions, hence different laws for each state. Today because of better record keeping the estimate of home schoolers is nearing 2 million. The reasons given today for home schooling are varied from religious, political, philosophical, and dissatisfaction with public schools. Teaching and cognitive development outside of school does not have to resemble teaching and cognitive development in school. Cultural experience can be the basis for development at home and in one's community throughout one's compulsory school years. People can successfully do things differently than schools. For example, it has been widely publicized in America that adolescent girls' self-esteem fades in high school, but in a book about home schooled adolescent girls the opposite was found: If one has thought seriously about the structure and assumptions of compulsory schooling, it is hard to read the psychological literature that asks, "How can we get girls to identify with their own goals?" or even "How can we help girls to discover their real interests?" without thinking about the fact that school is in direct opposition to these concerns... ...People in school do not say to students, "What can we do for you?

Marketing Concept

In the article â€Å"Pow! Romance! Comics Court Girls† by Matthew Phillips, it features the comic company’s new market. Male readers have always been the comics company’s target market for the past several years. Commonly, the main character portrays the strength of male gender. In the launching of the new comic series, â€Å"The Plain Janes†, â€Å"Re-Gifters†, â€Å"Clubbing,† DC Comics set a new target market, which are the female readers. It is a big opportunity to expand the possible customers for their market. Their market strategy is that they made the titles more appealing to the women. They based it on fantasy and romantic storylines to get girls’ attention. They emphasized female strength and their interests. By this strategic move, comic-book industry had their most significant growth. The Diamond Comics rose their sales to a 15% increase while Marvel Entertainment's publishing-segment revenue — which includes sales to booksellers and comic shops — rose 17% to $108.5 million. This market strategy is very advantageous for both parties. It provides materials for the female readers and also an additional market implying additional income for the company. The benefit of the market expansions is advantageous not only to the customers but more importantly to the company itself. The â€Å"Nolan Ryanx Pitches Virtues of U.S. Beef To Dubious Japanese† written by Amy Chozick, was all about the campaign on how to win back the Japanese customers on buying U.S. beef products. It has been very evident that the demand for beef had decreased since it was banned in Japan at 2003 due to the outbreak of mad-cow disease. It was a big challenge since there is a huge decrease in market and also competition was intensified. Japanese ordered more than 50% of their beef from Australia. By using a promotional strategy on the declining market, their market sales had been saved. Baseball legend Nolan Ryan was made as a campaign model. The slogan â€Å"Beef makes you strong!† was thrown during a ceremonial first pitch during a baseball game at   A concession stand called the â€Å"American Meat Booth† sold boxes filled with American beef and featuring Mr. Ryan's photo in the meat aisles at major grocery stores under in Chiba, a Tokyo suburb, last month. The campaign starring Mr. Ryan was featured in more than 2,000 different beef-related promotions over a three-month period. Once the problem was identified, promotional strategies (advertising campaign) are useful in uplifting the image of the product (U.S. beef) to the customers (Japanese consumers). Using Nolan Ryan, a well-known pitcher, as the endorser has a big impact on the Japanese since Japan is fond of baseball. He is also a credible person in line with meat knowledge since he also has his own cattle farm. In effect of this campaign, the American beef monthly sales had been doubled according to Philip Seng, president of the Denver-based federation. The cost of the promotion has not been stated but the ideal is that it should be relatively lower than the revenue. He admitted that there is a lot more to do to regain the past demand, after the sudden decline in sales due to the negative connotation of the mad-cow outbreak, but as their sales imply, the promotional campaign can be said successful.    Marketing Concept Marketing philosophy has experienced three major shifts during the history of commerce in the United States. First it was production oriented, then sales oriented, and currently it is consumer oriented. Till the late 1920s, companies had limited production capacity, and there was continuous demand for their products. The belief at that time was that, one can sell as much as one can produce. The entire company used to focus on production and Marketing was limited to taking order and supplying products on time. With the introduction of mass-production, production capacity caught up with and, in many areas, exceeded demand. Now, the businesses were sales oriented. Their philosophy became selling as much as one can, by using advertisements and other promotional activitiesThe end of World War II bought a world of choices to the consumers and a lot of competition to the existing players. There started a heavy competition for the consumer dollar. Businesses quickly came to realize that if t hey were going to get their share of those dollars, they were going to have to become more consumer oriented. This change in philosophy became known as the marketing concept.The Marketing concept relies on marketing research to define market segments their size and their needs. It is the philosophy that the companies should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decision to satisfy those needs better than their competition. (www.NetMBA.com)Thus, the marketing concept is essentially establishing a tangible relation between a company’s capabilities with customer needs. However, this is not the only factor that is taken into account. The marketing environment has other competitors who are planning the very same strategies to lure consumers. Herb Kelleher, CEO of Southwest Airlines says†We don’t have a Marketing Department; we have a customer department† And in the words of a fords executive â€Å"If we are not customer driven, our cars won’ t be either† (Kotler, Armstrong. 2006). Companies that have embraced the marketing concept have found that it has had a strong impact on sales. They have also found that, in many respects, it has changed the way they operate.In addition the volatility of the marketing environment like and changes in the political, economic, social and technological environment, should also be taken into account, while developing a strategy. Any organization that applies the marketing concept essentially puts its present and potential customer’s needs as a guideline for its marketing and organizational operations.For e.g. – Consumers need to eat when they are hungry. What they want to eat and in what kind of environment will vary enormously. For some, eating at McDonalds satisfies the need to meet hunger. For others a microwaved ready-meal meets the need. Some consumers are never satisfied unless their food comes served with a bottle of fine Chardonnay. (http://www.tutor2u.net/bus iness/marketing/marketing_concept.asp)However, after creating a desire in the consumers, the pricing should also be sufficiently affordable, make them actually purchase the product.The Marketing concept first analyzes the needs of the consumer and then decides the appropriate product to fulfill those needs. Being customer driven, the marketing concept starts with a target market and customers. The company then focuses on the needs of these consumers and integrates all its marketing activities towards building an effective relation with these customers.For e.g. – The shift in buying behavior from marketplace to â€Å"marketspace â€Å"made Microsoft enter into online automobile retailing with CarPoint.com. While CarPoint could not â€Å"sell† or deliver any cars, it could shift much of consumer search, comparison, and decision-making, including pricing, from the physical platform of the traditional car dealer to the virtual world of the Web (Boyd, Walker, Mullins, 200 6).As is clearly seen above, such customer-driven approaches succeed, when the consumers know what they want. There is a clear need which is fulfilled by a combination of product and promotional mix. In many cases however, the customers do not know what they want or need. For e.g. – 25 years back, the concept of e-books or for that matter cell phones for a regular usage was something an average customer could not foresee.Such cases call for customer driver marketing, where the company understands the customers even better than the customers themselves. As Sony’s Akio Morita says â€Å"Out plan is to lead the public with new products, rather than as them what kind of products they want.† (Kotler, et al, 2006) SONY Corporation was the first to come up with the idea of a â€Å"walkman†, when they observed that consumers like music to be with them always. It is just as if they well â€Å"humming the music†. The idea, which was initially fiercely oppose d, became a milestone in the company’s history.Marketing CommunicationAccording to Philip Kotler – Any Company’s marketing strategy requires more than just developing a good product, attractively pricing it and ensuring its ready availability to its consumers. The strategy must include communicating with its current and prospective customers, and what they communicate should not be left to chance. (Kotler et al 2006)Companies use a wide range of marketing communications to promote the company, their products and their services. A company’s total marketing communication mix consists of a combination of tools like advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personnel selling and direct marketing tools (Kotler et al. 2006).Each of these categories involves specific tools. Advertising includes brochures, flyers TV/radio broadcasts etc.   Sales promotion includes free demos, discount coupons, Sale etc. Public relations includes sponsorships, press releas es etc. Personnel selling includes trade shows, sales presentations etc. Direct marketing includes telemarketing, direct selling etc.Before any company decides to go in for a specific blend of the above mentioned tools, it should first decide the message to be passed across, the recipients or audience for the message, way and means of presentation and its timing. In addition the follow-up actions after the message is passed across should also be decided, in order to avoid confusion when the orders or product information requests do start coming in.Owing to the advancements in Information technology, the consumers are now becoming increasingly aware of various choices available to them. The markets hence are seen to becoming more fragmented. Targeting these different fragmented groups becomes a challenge for the company, especially when they wish to portray different images of the company to the consumers, without affecting the overall company’s brand image. This calls in for Integrated marketing communications,IMC , the integration of the company’s entire communications channel to deliver a clear and consistent message to the consumers, regarding the organization and various products. (Fill, 2004)The first step of any marketing communication strategy is awareness. Awareness in turn starts from curiosity.   A motion-control company launched its products in the Nuremberg market fair for the first time, by placing big boxes of candies in their stall. Needless to say, this attracted the curiosity of many people, who would later become its customers, to the stall just to ‘have a look at what is going on’.There is another thing which goes hand-in-hand with awareness, the target market or audience. This factor sets the tone of the promotion in question, and the kind of message to be passed on. There are two extreme end of the tone – humor and emotional. Companies use emotional appeal concepts like patriotism, family closeness, anim al welfare, sharing and giving etc. to promote their products.For e.g. – Salvation army uses moral appeal as a pull toward its goal of seeking attention. At the other end of the spectrum are the humorous ads, which are gaining more and more acceptance amongst American audience. According to various studies, light natured ads catch the attention of consumers. In one of its popular ads Budwieser and Bud light featured a wannabe donkey that wears fur hoof extensions and brays in effort to becoming a part of the Budweiser Clydesdales team (Kotler et al 2006).Message structure and format is very important, especially when print media is the desired mode of communication between the company and its consumers. Even the tele-ads are very much concerned about the overall logo and messages displayed on-screen to its consumers. The most popular example of this is the Statuary warning written on cigarette packs.They are always there, always mentioned and always displayed and yet the bala nce of injurious-yet fashionable is clearly visible in all of these ads. Yesmail sends clients’ promotional e-mail messages to targeted consumers who said â€Å"yes† when asked whether they wished to receive promotional offers in certain categories of interest (Winer, 2006).Choosing the media of communication is the next step. The is chosen based on getting the maximum amount of visibility and the media that creates lasting impression on the minds of consumers There are many channels that can be used in this case. For e.g. – the success of Harry Potter, collapsible scooters, the Chrysler PT Cruiser, and The Blair Witch Project is all due to word-of-mouth publicity (Kotler, Keller, 2005).The print media includes advertisements in magazine, newspapers, pamphlets etc. The most popular media still remain as the television and radio, though internet marketing is fast gaining over them.After the entire process of communication is done, one of the steps that should alw ays be done is collecting the feedback from the consumers. This is done so as to know the effectiveness of the communication on the minds of the consumer.This total marketing communications program used while promoting a company or business is called the promotional mix. Success is all about integrating separate approaches such as PR, internal and direct marketing into one complete marketing strategy. All the promotional elements which are used to gain customers must be planned and then implemented in a coordinated way. (Smith, Taylor, 2004).ReferencesBooksFill, C., â€Å"Marketing Communications: engagement, strategies and practice†, 2nd ed.,2004, FT Prentice HallKotler, P. Armstrong G., â€Å"Principles of Marketing†, 11th ed, 2006, PearsonKotler, P., Keller, K., â€Å"Marketing Management†, 12th ed., 1 March 2005, Prentice HallMullins, J., Walker, O., Boyd, H., â€Å"Marketing Management: A Strategic Decision-Making Approach†, 6th ed, 17 Oct 2006, McGr aw-Hill/IrwinSmith, R., Taylor, J., â€Å"Marketing Communications: An Integrated Approach†, 4th ed, 1  July 2004, Kogan PageWiner, R., â€Å"Marketing Management†, 3rd ed, 31 May 2006, Prentice HallWebsitesâ€Å"Marketing concept and orientation†,http://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/marketing-orientationâ€Å"The Marketing Concept†, Oct. 2003, One Vision Ltd.â€Å"10 minutes Guide – Marketing Communication†, 2004, The Chartered Institute ofMarketinghttp://www.cim.co.uk/mediastore/10_minute_guides/10minguide_marketingcommunication.pdf

Media Violence and Children Essay

Your children are surrounded by violence. From video games and television to the news itself, bloodshed is everywhere. Many parents and educators fear that violence seen on the media will at the very least desensitize children, and that it may even make children more likely to commit atrocities themselves. Other people claim the violence seen on the media is not real, and that children understand this. So who’s right? In order to better understand this crucial issue, we need to examine the history of violence in entertainment as well as revelations made possible by modern science. Violence in entertainment is not new. Even in ancient Rome, people gathered to watch gladiators. In gladiator combats, two trained men (usually criminals or slaves) would fight each other in front of a cheering crowd. Sometimes, men would also be forced to fight wild animals. These shows were incredibly popular; in order to accommodate the huge masses of people eager to watch the combat, Roman officials built the Colosseum, which could seat 50,000 spectators, in 80 CE. The opening of the Colosseum was celebrated with 100 days of games, during which thousands of men and animals were seriously injured or killed. Long before children watched violent cartoons, they listened to violent stories. Even our most cherished fairy tales often contain bloodshed. In fact, modern versions of fairy tales tend to be a lot less violent than the originals. For example, in Hans Christen Anderson’s The Little Mermaid, the little mermaid has her tongue cut out, almost stabs her prince, and dies; Disney’s famous version of this classic tale is significantly happier and less violent. But why is violence such a popular form of entertainment? There are several possible answers, and they are probably all true to some extent. People like watching violence because it is, at least to some degree, forbidden; all functioning societies need to have laws against murder. Seeing other people’s pain also makes your own problems seem insignificant. Finally, some violence in the media was meant to teach a practical lesson. Many gladiators were condemned criminals, so their violent and entertaining death served as a warning against would-be criminals. Public executions have served the same purpose throughout history. Fairy tales also warned children against the dangers of misbehaving. For example, the little mermaid disobeyed the rules of her father and her people, and she suffered as a result. Modern violence in the media is not that different from what occurred in the past. People enjoy watching violence because it is forbidden, distracting, and it can teach lessons about reality. At the same time, violence is becoming more and more prevalent. Additionally, much of the violence shown in video games, movies, and television is completely unrealistic; real consequences are very rarely shown, especially in cartoons. As a result, the violence may be too glamorized to teach real life lessons. Even if violence does teach a morality lesson, children may still be negatively affected. Vincent P. Mathews, a professor of radiology at Indiana University School of Medicine, discovered that watching violence on the media might actually alter brain function. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that watching violent images decreased frontal lobe brain activity in children whether or not they had previous problems of aggression. Decreased frontal lobe activity is associated with attention and self control problems. Also using fMRI, Klaus Mathiak at the University of Aachen in Germany discovered that playing violent video games and thinking about actually participating in real violent activities stimulate the same part of the brain. In other words, an individual’s brain cannot distinguish between violent actions that are committed by the individual and violent activities that are purely make believe. Additionally, violent video games may be training the brain for real life violent behavior. So what does all of this mean for parents? Children, like adults, are naturally drawn to violent images, and it is possible for children to learn valuable lessons from violent stories. However, exposure to too much violence, especially glamorized violence, probably does have a negative impact of children. Although more scientific research needs to be conducted before conclusive answers can be given, children may have a hard time distinguishing between real violence and fake violence, and simply watching violence may lead to increased behavioral problems. If you are worried that your children are watching too much violence, you should monitor exactly what they are watching. Movies and video games both have rating systems, and all televisions 13 inches or larger that were manufactured in the United States since January 2000 contain V chips. V chips allow parents to control what programs are watched, even when the children are unsupervised. You could also limit the amount of time that your children are allowed to spend watching television or playing video games, regardless of whether or not the programs or games contain violent content. Finally, you can discuss the reality of violence with you children to make sure that they can differentiate between make believe and reality.

Entender las órdenes ejecutivas migratorias de Trump

Entender las à ³rdenes ejecutivas migratorias de Trump Donald Trump  llegà ³ a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos prometiendo grandes cambios en materia migratoria, que empiezan a ser una realidad en relacià ³n al  muro,  deportaciones, programa Comunidades Seguras, ciudades santuario, refugiados y visas Adems se espera novedades inmediatas en relacià ³n a visa H-1B, visa E-2, etc. Este artà ­culo trata  de las novedades en esos temas y tambià ©n de las que se esperan pronto porque Trump aludià ³ a ellos la campaà ±a pero sobre los que todavà ­a no hay noticias. Siempre tratando de dar informacià ³n sobre lo que se sabe por ahora y de huir de la especulacià ³n, que tanto daà ±o y miedo est causando. Los temas que se tratan son en este artà ­culo son: Construccià ³n del muro en frontera con Mà ©xicoDeportacià ³n y sus prioridadesRefugiados y prohibiciones para paà ­ses musulmanesCiudadanà ­a de los hijos de migrantes indocumentadosConfiscacià ³n de dineroDACA y otros programas aprobados por Accià ³n EjecutivaReforma migratoriaVisas TN para mexicanos y canadiensesVisas no inmigrantes, tipo turista, estudiantes, trabajo temporal, etc Detenciones, comunidades seguras y ciudades santuario Por orden ejecutiva de enero de 2017  se re-establece el  Programa Comunidades Seguras,  que fue el que  causà ³ un incremento  enorme  de  deportaciones  en los primeros aà ±os del gobierno de Obama. Adems, se ha prometido deportar a tres millones de migrantes indocumentados criminales. Esto en la prctica se ha traducido en redadas en hogares y lugares de trabajo en al menos 6 estados con arrestos de cientos de migrantes con rà ©cord pero tambià ©n con un rà ©cord absolutamente limpio. Y en eventos no relacionados se ha procedido a la deportacià ³n de migrantes con felonies consideradas menores. Esta es la  nueva realidad de polà ­tica de deportacià ³n y sus prioridades,  asà ­ como quà © se puede hacer y cà ³mo estar preparado. Construccin de un muro en la frontera de Estados Unidos con Mxico Por orden de Trump, Estados Unidos reforzar la seguridad en su frontera terrestre con Mà ©xico mediante la construccià ³n de un muro. Se estima que costar unos $ 6.5 millones de dà ³lares americanos por cada milla construida a lo que hay que sumar otros $4.2 millones por milla en concepto de carreteras de acceso y dems infraestructuras de apoyo. Adems, habrà ­a que sumar el importe por su mantenimiento. Por todo ello se estima que el costo final puede rondar desde los $14 a los $20 mil millones de dà ³lares americanos (billones, en la manera de contar de Estados Unidos). Aunque no est clara la procedencia de todo el dinero para la construccià ³n de un muro a lo largo de casi 2 mil millas de frontera, al menos una parte ser dinero federal ya presupuestado para otros asuntos que se destinar ahora para dicha construccià ³n. Refugiados y pases musulmanes La nueva orden ejecutiva a aplicar por decisià ³n de la Corte Suprema hasta que se decida sobre su constitucional  es que  se prohibe el ingreso a los Estados Unidos   por 90 dà ­as a  los ciudadanos 6 paà ­ses con poblacià ³n musulmana en su mayorà ­a: Irn,  Sudn, Libia, Somalia, Siria y Yemen. Adems, se paraliza el programa de refugiados para ciudadanos de esos  paà ­ses por 120 dà ­as. Sin embargo, esta medida no aplica a los residentes permanentes legales (green card) de ciudadanos de dichos  paà ­ses y tampoco a las personas que tengan un và ­nculo fiable con una persona o entidad de los Estados Unidos. Finalmente, tener en consideracià ³n que la situacià ³n de refugiado y asilado se parecen, pero son distintas. Ciudadana de hijos de indocumentados Una de las cosas que dijo Trump durante la campaà ±a es que quitarà ­a la ciudadanà ­a a los hijos de migrantes indocumentados. Esto es altamente improbable que ocurra porque ese derecho de la ciudadanà ­a para los nacidos en Estados Unidos est protegido en la Constitucià ³n y quitarlo requerirà ­a una reforma constitucional, lo cual es difà ­cil. Confiscacin de dinero Este es uno de los temores extendidos por las comunidades migrantes. Pero es que no es posible para el gobierno confisca el dinero por razà ³n del estatus migratorio de su dueà ±o. Y esto es asà ­ tanto para el que se tiene en Estados Unidos como para el que se envà ­a por remesa a otro paà ­s Si el gobierno quisiera hacerlo serà ­a inconstitucional y habrà ­a una gran batalla en corte. Ordenes Ejecutivas del presidente Obama: Dreamers y militares Durante su presidencia Obama decidià ³ dar ciertas protecciones a migrantes indocumentados. Algunas como Parole In Place, para familiares de militares, y DACA, para muchachos que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os, salieron adelantes y estn siendo aplicados. Con fecha del 5 de septiembre de 2017, no se admiten aplicaciones nuevas para DACA. Adems se ha anunciado que con fecha del 5 de marzo de 2018 DACA dejar de existir, ponià ©ndose asà ­ fin a los permisos de trabajo y a las protecciones frente a la deportacià ³n que benefician a un total de ms de 800 mil jà ³venes indocumentados   conocidos como Dreamers yque llegaron al paà ­s siendo nià ±os y que cumplà ­an requisitos muy estrictos para estar protegidos por este programa. Para informarse hay pginas muy buenas dedicadas a los Dreamers como la de United We Dream o la de My Undocumented Life.   Reforma migratoria Durante la presidencia de Barak Obama hubo varios intentos de reforma migratoria promovidos por comità ©s tanto en la Cmara de Representantes como en el Senado, con partidarios de ambos partidos. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos quedaron en nada. La presidencia de Donald Trump -republicano- se inicia con ambas cmaras del Congreso con mayorà ­a republicana, Todo parece indicar que serà ­a impensable aprobar en estas circunstancias un cambio de ley para dar paso a la legalizacià ³n de los once millones de indocumentados que actualmente se estima que viven en Estados Unidos. Sà ­ que es sensato pensar en que es posible un cambio de algunas leyes migratorias para reforzar los controles fronterizos, particularmente a lo largo de las ms de 1951 millas que separan Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico. Visas TN para mexicanos y canadienses Al amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio (NAFTA), canadienses y mexicanos pueden disfrutar de las visas que se conocen como TN, que en el caso de mexicanos aplican a un largo listado de profesionales y que les permite trabajar temporalmente en los Estados Unidos. Trump convirtià ³ su oposicià ³n a algunos tratados de libre comercio en una pieza clave de su campaà ±a, lo cual sin duda le proporcionà ³ un importante nà ºmero de votos, particularmente en estados afectados duramente por la deslocalizacià ³n.   Sin embargo, no est claro quà © va a hacer Trump al respeto cuando llegue a la Casa Blanca. Si bien es cierto que el presidente de los Estados Unidos tiene el poder para decidir unilateralmente retirar al paà ­s de cualquier tratado de libre comercio.   En el caso de NAFTA no se sabe quà © va a pasar, pero es probable pensar que puede haber renegociaciones de algunos puntos del tratado, a lo cual ya tanto Canad como Mà ©xico han dicho que estn dispuestos a hablar.   Si hubiera renegociacià ³n, todavà ­a no est claro quà © aspectos se tocarà ­an y se afectarà ­a a las visas TN, tanto para el futuro como al estatus de las ya aprobadas.   En todo caso, toda renegociacià ³n de un tratado transcurre a lo largo de aà ±os, por lo que en principio no hay que esperar ningà ºn cambio inminente. Obtencin de visas no inmigrante Por orden ejecutiva de Trump, se suspende el US Visa Interview Waiver Program. Es decir, vuelve a ser obligatoria la entrevista en el consulado o embajada para renovar la visa de turista. La implementacià ³n de esta nueva regla puede llevar a retrasos en las tramitaciones de las visas ya que los consulados tendrn ahora que acomodar esa nueva carga de trabajo. Adems, se puede solicitar la entrega de informacià ³n sobre redes sociales y cuentas de correo electrà ³nico. El Presidente puede decidir cà ³mo los oficiales consulares interpretan la ley, a la hora de aprobar o denegar las visas no inmigrante, entre las que se encuentran las de turista, intercambio, trabajo temporal, estudiante, etc.   Por ejemplo, puede decidir un mayor escrutinio en todas las solicitudes de visa, o sà ³lo en las de ciertos paà ­ses. Incluso el Presidente est capacitado para ordenar que no se aprueben visas en un determinado paà ­s, ya que para eso no es necesario el permiso previo de la Cmara de Representantes ni del Senado. Adems, con respecto a la visa H-1B para profesionales y   que es utilizada por muchos ingenieros, se ha eliminado temporalmente la posibilidad de utilizar la tramitacià ³n exprà ©s mediante el pago de una tarifa extra. Derechos de los migrantes indocumentados Todos los migrantes tienen derechos bsicos, incluidos los indocumentados. Recordar siempre dos muy importantes. En primer lugar, el derecho a no declarar contra uno mismo, es decir, a mantenerse en silencio. Y en segundo lugar que la migra solo puede entrar a la casa si tiene una orden firmada por un juez. Si llaman a la puerta, no abrir, y pedir que se enseà ±e por una ventana o por debajo de la puerta dicha orden. Esta es una tarjeta de derechos, en espaà ±ol y en inglà ©s, elaborada por el National Immigration Law Center que tiene informacià ³n fundamental. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.